CONVERSIONS
offline reference
The numbers you reach for when there is no internet. Cooking, weights, lengths, areas, volumes, temperatures, seed rates, fuel, livestock, building, preserving and the quick sums behind them. Everything is on this page, so it works offline; open only the drawer you need.
HOW TO USE THIS PAGEOpen one drawer at a time. Each section is collapsed by default, which keeps the page fast on an old phone or a small tablet. Tap the heading to open it.
Use the quick jumps. The chips above go straight to a section. The browser back button returns you here.
Check the unit, not just the number. US and UK gallons, pints and cups are different. Recipes usually say which they mean; when they do not, assume the local measure.
Write down the local ones. A feed bag weight, a bucket volume or a trailer load is more useful than a generic table. Add it to the margin.
COOKING MEASURES
Volume
| Measure | Metric | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 teaspoon (tsp) | 5 ml | Level, not heaped, unless stated. |
| 1 tablespoon (tbsp) | 15 ml | 3 teaspoons. |
| 1 dessertspoon | 10 ml | 2 teaspoons. |
| 1 cup (US) | 240 ml | US legal cup; customary is 236.6 ml. |
| 1 cup (UK) | 250 ml | Often used in older British recipes. |
| 1 fluid ounce (US) | 29.57 ml | Not the same as an ounce of weight. |
| 1 fluid ounce (UK) | 28.41 ml | Imperial fluid ounce. |
| 1 pint (US) | 473 ml | 16 US fluid ounces. |
| 1 pint (UK) | 568 ml | 20 UK fluid ounces. |
| 1 quart (US) | 946 ml | 2 US pints. |
| 1 quart (UK) | 1,137 ml | 2 UK pints. |
| 1 gallon (US) | 3.785 L | 4 US quarts. |
| 1 gallon (UK) | 4.546 L | 4 UK quarts; the old milk churn measure. |
| 1 litre | 1,000 ml | 1 cubic decimetre. |
Cooking weights
| Ingredient | 1 cup | 1 tablespoon |
|---|---|---|
| Water / milk | 240 g | 15 g |
| Plain flour | 120-125 g | 8-9 g |
| Bread flour | 130-135 g | 9 g |
| Wholemeal flour | 120-130 g | 8-9 g |
| White sugar | 200 g | 12.5 g |
| Brown sugar (packed) | 220 g | 13-14 g |
| Icing sugar | 120 g | 7-8 g |
| Rolled oats | 90 g | 5-6 g |
| Rice (uncooked) | 185 g | 11-12 g |
| Butter | 227 g | 14 g |
| Oil | 218 g | 13.5 g |
| Honey / syrup | 340 g | 21 g |
| Salt (table) | 288 g | 18 g |
| Salt (kosher / coarse) | 145-160 g | 9-10 g |
| Fresh yeast | -- | 10 g per 500 g flour |
| Dried yeast | -- | 5-7 g per 500 g flour |
Cup weights vary with how the flour is scooped. Weighing is always more repeatable; a cheap digital scale is the best kitchen upgrade.
TEMPERATURE, OVEN AND DONENESS
F = (C x 9/5) + 32. C = (F - 32) x 5/9. K = C + 273.15.
Oven settings
| Gas mark | Celsius | Fahrenheit | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1/4 | 110 | 225 | Very cool / drying |
| 1/2 | 130 | 250 | Very cool |
| 1 | 140 | 275 | Cool |
| 2 | 150 | 300 | Cool |
| 3 | 160 | 325 | Warm |
| 4 | 180 | 350 | Moderate |
| 5 | 190 | 375 | Moderately hot |
| 6 | 200 | 400 | Hot |
| 7 | 220 | 425 | Hot |
| 8 | 230 | 450 | Very hot |
| 9 | 240 | 475 | Very hot |
Safe cooking temperatures
| Food | Internal temperature | Rest |
|---|---|---|
| Poultry, whole or pieces | 74 C / 165 F | 5-10 min |
| Minced meat, sausages | 71 C / 160 F | 3 min |
| Pork, fresh cuts | 63 C / 145 F | 3 min |
| Beef, lamb, venison (whole cuts) | 55-70 C / 130-160 F | 5-20 min |
| Fish | 63 C / 145 F | 2 min |
| Leftovers, reheated | 74 C / 165 F | -- |
| Fridge | 0-4 C / 32-40 F | -- |
| Freezer | -18 C / 0 F or colder | -- |
Sugar stages and kitchen benchmarks
| Stage | Temperature | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Thread | 110 C / 230 F | Syrups and glazes |
| Soft ball | 113-116 C / 235-240 F | Fudge, fondant |
| Firm ball | 118-120 C / 244-248 F | Caramels, toffee |
| Hard ball | 121-130 C / 250-266 F | Nougat, marshmallow |
| Soft crack | 132-143 C / 270-290 F | Taffy, butterscotch |
| Hard crack | 146-154 C / 295-310 F | Lollipops, brittle |
| Caramel | 160-170 C / 320-340 F | Caramel, praline |
| Yeast water | 35-40 C / 95-104 F | Activating dried yeast |
| Bread proof | 24-27 C / 75-80 F | First and second rise |
| Deep frying | 175-190 C / 350-375 F | Chips, doughnuts, battered fish |
| Jam setting | 104-105 C / 219-221 F | Setting point at sea level |
LENGTH, AREA AND LAND
Length
| From | To | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 inch (in) | millimetres / centimetres | 25.4 mm / 2.54 cm |
| 1 foot (ft) | metres / centimetres | 0.3048 m / 30.48 cm |
| 1 yard (yd) | metres | 0.9144 m |
| 1 chain | metres | 20.1168 m |
| 1 rod / perch / pole | metres | 5.0292 m |
| 1 furlong | metres / miles | 201.168 m / 0.125 mile |
| 1 mile | kilometres | 1.60934 km |
| 1 nautical mile | kilometres | 1.852 km |
| 1 hand (horses) | centimetres | 10.16 cm (4 in) |
| 1 metre | feet / inches | 3.2808 ft / 39.37 in |
| 1 kilometre | miles | 0.62137 mile |
| 1 millimetre | inches | 0.03937 in |
Area
| From | To | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 square foot | square metres | 0.0929 m2 |
| 1 square yard | square metres | 0.8361 m2 |
| 1 acre | square metres / hectares | 4,046.86 m2 / 0.404686 ha |
| 1 acre | square feet / square yards | 43,560 sq ft / 4,840 sq yd |
| 1 hectare | acres / square metres | 2.47105 acres / 10,000 m2 |
| 1 square mile | acres / hectares | 640 acres / 259.0 ha |
| 1 rood | acres / square metres | 0.25 acre / 1,011.7 m2 |
| 1 section | acres / square miles | 640 acres / 1 sq mile |
| 1 square metre | square feet | 10.7639 sq ft |
| 1 square kilometre | hectares / acres | 100 ha / 247.1 acres |
A hectare is a square 100 m by 100 m. An acre is roughly the area a pair of oxen could plough in a day; that is why it is an awkward shape to pace out.
VOLUME, LIQUID AND RAINFALL
| From | To | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cubic metre | litres / cubic feet | 1,000 L / 35.315 cu ft |
| 1 cubic foot | litres / gallons (US) | 28.317 L / 7.481 US gal |
| 1 litre | cubic centimetres / US gallons | 1,000 cm3 / 0.2642 US gal |
| 1 US gallon | litres / UK gallons | 3.785 L / 0.8327 UK gal |
| 1 UK gallon | litres / US gallons | 4.546 L / 1.201 US gal |
| 1 US quart | litres | 0.9464 L |
| 1 UK quart | litres | 1.1365 L |
| 1 US pint | litres | 0.4732 L |
| 1 UK pint | litres | 0.5683 L |
| 1 US fluid ounce | millilitres | 29.574 ml |
| 1 UK fluid ounce | millilitres | 28.413 ml |
| 1 bushel (US dry) | litres / cubic feet | 35.239 L / 1.244 cu ft |
| 1 peck | litres | 8.810 L (US dry) |
| 1 barrel (oil) | US gallons / litres | 42 US gal / 158.99 L |
| 1 acre-foot | cubic metres / litres | 1,233.5 m3 / 1,233,500 L |
| 1 hectare-mm | cubic metres / litres | 10 m3 / 10,000 L |
Rainfall
| Rainfall | On 1 m2 | On 1 acre | On 1 ha |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 mm | 1 litre | 4,047 L / 1,069 US gal | 10,000 L / 10 m3 |
| 1 inch / 25.4 mm | 25.4 L | 102.8 m3 / 27,154 US gal | 254 m3 |
| 10 mm | 10 L | 40.47 m3 | 100 m3 / 100,000 L |
| 100 mm / 4 in | 100 L | 404.7 m3 | 1,000 m3 |
A 100 m2 roof sheds about 1,000 L from 10 mm of rain before losses. That is a useful first number for tank sizing.
WEIGHT, GRAIN AND FEED
Everyday weight
| From | To | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 ounce (oz) | grams | 28.3495 g |
| 1 pound (lb) | grams / kilograms | 453.592 g / 0.4536 kg |
| 1 kilogram | pounds / ounces | 2.2046 lb / 35.274 oz |
| 1 stone | pounds / kilograms | 14 lb / 6.3503 kg |
| 1 hundredweight (UK) | pounds / kilograms | 112 lb / 50.802 kg |
| 1 hundredweight (US) | pounds / kilograms | 100 lb / 45.359 kg |
| 1 short ton (US) | pounds / kilograms | 2,000 lb / 907.18 kg |
| 1 long ton (UK) | pounds / kilograms | 2,240 lb / 1,016.05 kg |
| 1 tonne (metric) | kilograms / pounds | 1,000 kg / 2,204.6 lb |
| 1 grain | milligrams | 64.799 mg |
US bushel weights
| Grain | lb per bushel | kg per bushel | Bushels per tonne |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 60 | 27.22 | 36.74 |
| Corn / maize | 56 | 25.40 | 39.37 |
| Barley | 48 | 21.77 | 45.93 |
| Oats | 32 | 14.51 | 68.89 |
| Soybeans | 60 | 27.22 | 36.74 |
| Rye | 56 | 25.40 | 39.37 |
| Buckwheat | 48 | 21.77 | 45.93 |
| Flaxseed | 56 | 25.40 | 39.37 |
| Potatoes | 60 | 27.22 | 36.74 |
| Apples (fresh) | 48 | 21.77 | 45.93 |
Bales, bags and bulk
| Item | Typical weight | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Small square hay bale | 18-25 kg | Depends on moisture and density. |
| Round hay bale | 240-350 kg | 1.2-1.5 m diameter. |
| Large square hay bale | 350-500 kg | Often 1.2 x 1.2 x 2.4 m. |
| Round silage bale | 600-900 kg | Higher moisture than hay. |
| Feed sack | 20-25 kg | Check the label; 50 lb is common in the US. |
| Fertiliser bag | 25 kg or 50 kg | 50 lb bags also common. |
| Wool fleece | 2-5 kg | Breed and year matter. |
| Live weight to carcass | 50-60% cattle | Sheep 45-55%; pigs 70-75%. |
SPEED, FLOW, PRESSURE AND TORQUE
| From | To | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 mph | km/h / m/s | 1.609 km/h / 0.447 m/s |
| 1 km/h | mph / m/s | 0.6214 mph / 0.2778 m/s |
| 1 knot | km/h / mph | 1.852 km/h / 1.151 mph |
| 1 m/s | km/h / ft/s | 3.6 km/h / 3.281 ft/s |
| 1 US gallon/min (gpm) | litres/min | 3.785 L/min |
| 1 UK gallon/min | litres/min | 4.546 L/min |
| 1 litre/min | US gpm | 0.2642 US gpm |
| 1 cubic metre/hour | litres/min / US gpm | 16.67 L/min / 4.403 US gpm |
| 1 psi | bar / kPa | 0.06895 bar / 6.895 kPa |
| 1 bar | psi / kPa | 14.504 psi / 100 kPa |
| 1 atmosphere | psi / bar | 14.696 psi / 1.013 bar |
| 1 lb-ft torque | Nm | 1.3558 Nm |
| 1 Nm torque | lb-ft | 0.7376 lb-ft |
| 1 kgf-m | Nm | 9.8067 Nm |
| 1 horsepower (hp) | kW | 0.7457 kW |
| 1 kW | hp | 1.341 hp |
| 1 hp | BTU/hour | 2,545 BTU/h |
Tyre pressure, sprayer pressure and compressor pressure are different jobs. Use the unit on the gauge, and check whether it is gauge pressure or absolute pressure.
SEED, FERTILISER AND SPRAY
Sowing rates
| Crop | Rate per hectare | Rate per acre |
|---|---|---|
| Winter wheat | 150-220 kg/ha | 60-90 kg/acre |
| Spring wheat | 160-220 kg/ha | 65-90 kg/acre |
| Winter barley | 140-180 kg/ha | 55-73 kg/acre |
| Spring barley | 150-190 kg/ha | 60-77 kg/acre |
| Oats | 140-170 kg/ha | 57-69 kg/acre |
| Rye | 140-180 kg/ha | 57-73 kg/acre |
| Field beans | 180-250 kg/ha | 73-101 kg/acre |
| Peas | 180-250 kg/ha | 73-101 kg/acre |
| Oilseed rape | 4-6 kg/ha | 1.6-2.4 kg/acre |
| Grass seed (leys) | 25-35 kg/ha | 10-14 kg/acre |
| Potatoes (seed) | 1.5-2.5 t/ha | 0.6-1.0 t/acre |
| Maize | 20-30 kg/ha | 8-12 kg/acre |
Fertiliser quick sums
| Product | Analysis | To supply 1 kg nutrient |
|---|---|---|
| Urea | 46-0-0 | 2.17 kg urea per kg N |
| Ammonium nitrate | 34-0-0 | 2.94 kg per kg N |
| DAP | 18-46-0 | 2.17 kg per kg P2O5 (also supplies N) |
| Triple superphosphate | 0-46-0 | 2.17 kg per kg P2O5 |
| Muriate of potash | 0-0-60 | 1.67 kg per kg K2O |
| Sulphate of potash | 0-0-50 | 2.00 kg per kg K2O |
| Lime (ground) | Neutralising value varies | Use a soil test; 2-6 t/ha is common. |
N-P-K numbers are percentages by weight: 100 kg of 18-46-0 contains 18 kg N, 46 kg P2O5 and 0 kg K2O.
Spray and dilution
| Job | Typical rate | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Knapsack sprayer | 200-300 L/ha | Calibrate with water before mixing. |
| Boom sprayer | 100-200 L/ha | Follow the product label. |
| Product dose | Label rate per ha | Do not guess; measure the sprayed width. |
| 10% dilution | 1 part product + 9 parts water | By volume unless stated. |
| 1% spray | 10 ml per litre | Use a clean measuring jug. |
| 0.1% spray | 1 ml per litre | Check the label; some products are stronger. |
LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
Gestation and incubation
| Animal | Days | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cattle | 283 | Range 279-287; breed and parity vary. |
| Sheep | 147 | Range 142-152. |
| Goat | 150 | Range 145-155. |
| Pig | 114 | 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days. |
| Horse | 340 | Range 320-370. |
| Donkey | 365 | About 12 months. |
| Rabbit | 31 | Range 28-32. |
| Chicken | 21 | Incubation. |
| Duck | 28 | Incubation. |
| Goose | 30 | Incubation. |
| Turkey | 28 | Incubation. |
| Quail | 17-18 | Incubation. |
Water and feed rules of thumb
| Animal | Water per day | Dry matter intake |
|---|---|---|
| Dairy cow | 60-120 L | 3-4% of body weight |
| Beef cow | 40-80 L | 2-2.5% of body weight |
| Sheep | 4-10 L | 2-3% of body weight |
| Goat | 4-10 L | 3-4% of body weight |
| Pig | 10-25 L | 3-4% of body weight |
| Horse | 30-60 L | 1.5-2.5% of body weight |
| Laying hen | 0.2-0.4 L | 100-120 g feed |
| Broiler | 0.15-0.3 L | Feed conversion 1.6-2.0 |
Weight and yield
| Measure | Typical figure | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Cattle live weight | 500-700 kg | Dose rates and transport. |
| Sheep live weight | 60-90 kg | Dose rates and feed. |
| Pig live weight | 90-120 kg | Market weight. |
| Hen egg yield | 280-320 eggs/year | Hybrid layers. |
| Milk yield | 6,000-10,000 L/cow/year | Dairy herd average. |
| Wool fleece | 2-5 kg | Breed dependent. |
| Carcass yield | 50-60% cattle | Dead weight / live weight. |
WEATHER AND GROWING DEGREE DAYS
Rainfall and water
| Measure | Equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 mm rain | 1 L/m2 | 10 m3/ha. |
| 1 inch rain | 25.4 mm | 25.4 L/m2; 254 m3/ha. |
| 1 acre-inch | 27,154 US gal | 102.8 m3. |
| 1 hectare-mm | 10,000 L | 10 m3. |
| 1 acre-foot | 325,851 US gal | 1,233.5 m3. |
Growing degree days
GDD = ((daily max + daily min) / 2) - base temperature. Use the crop base: wheat 0 C, maize 10 C, potatoes 7 C, most insects 10 C. Cap the maximum at the crop's upper limit if your local method says so.
| Example day | Max | Min | Base | GDD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cool spring day | 14 C | 4 C | 5 C | 4 |
| Warm summer day | 28 C | 14 C | 10 C | 11 |
| Autumn day | 16 C | 8 C | 5 C | 7 |
Frost and wind
| Condition | Rule of thumb |
|---|---|
| Ground frost | Air 2 C at 1.5 m can mean 0 C at grass level. |
| Frost protection | Water, fleece and moving air are the practical tools. |
| Spraying | Avoid wind above 15 km/h and inversions. |
| Hay drying | Below 15% moisture for safe storage. |
| Grain drying | Below 14% for wheat; below 13% for long storage. |
ENERGY, ELECTRICITY AND SOLAR
Energy units
| From | To | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 kWh | MJ / BTU | 3.6 MJ / 3,412 BTU |
| 1 MJ | kWh / BTU | 0.2778 kWh / 947.8 BTU |
| 1 BTU | joules | 1,055 J |
| 1 therm (natural gas) | kWh / MJ | 29.3 kWh / 105.5 MJ |
| 1 tonne oil equivalent | kWh | 11,630 kWh |
| 1 hp | kW | 0.7457 kW |
| 1 kW | BTU/hour | 3,412 BTU/h |
Electrical quick checks
| Formula | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Watts = volts x amps | Load on a circuit | 230 V x 10 A = 2,300 W |
| Amps = watts / volts | Fuse or breaker size | 2,000 W / 230 V = 8.7 A |
| kWh = watts x hours / 1,000 | Energy used | 1,000 W for 5 h = 5 kWh |
| Battery Ah = Wh / volts | Bank size | 2,400 Wh / 24 V = 100 Ah |
| Runtime = Ah x V x 0.8 / W | Off-grid estimate | 100 Ah x 12 V x 0.8 / 100 W = 9.6 h |
| Inverter VA = W / power factor | Inverter size | 2,000 W / 0.8 = 2,500 VA |
| Solar panels = daily Wh / (sun hours x 0.75) | Array size | 3,000 Wh / (4 x 0.75) = 1,000 W |
| Voltage drop = 2 x I x R x L / 1,000 | Cable run | 10 A, 50 m, 4 mm2: about 4.4 V |
Mains wiring is regulated work in most places. Use these numbers for planning and checking, not as a substitute for local rules and a qualified electrician.
WORKSHOP, BUILDING AND MATERIALS
Drill and fastener sizes
| Fraction | Decimal inch | Millimetres |
|---|---|---|
| 1/16 | 0.0625 | 1.59 |
| 3/32 | 0.0938 | 2.38 |
| 1/8 | 0.1250 | 3.18 |
| 5/32 | 0.1563 | 3.97 |
| 3/16 | 0.1875 | 4.76 |
| 1/4 | 0.2500 | 6.35 |
| 5/16 | 0.3125 | 7.94 |
| 3/8 | 0.3750 | 9.53 |
| 7/16 | 0.4375 | 11.11 |
| 1/2 | 0.5000 | 12.70 |
| 5/8 | 0.6250 | 15.88 |
| 3/4 | 0.7500 | 19.05 |
| 1 | 1.0000 | 25.40 |
Materials
| Material | Figure | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Concrete | 2.4 t/m3 | 1:2:4 mix by volume; order ready-mix for big pours. |
| Steel | 7,850 kg/m3 | Rebar mass about d2/162 kg/m. |
| Timber (softwood) | 450-600 kg/m3 | Seasoned; species varies. |
| Board foot | 144 cubic inches / 2.36 L | 1 in x 12 in x 12 in. |
| 1 m3 timber | 424 board feet | Nominal sizes. |
| Water | 1,000 kg/m3 | 1 litre = 1 kg. |
| Topsoil | 1.2-1.4 t/m3 | Depends on moisture and compaction. |
| Sand | 1.5-1.7 t/m3 | Dry; wet sand is heavier. |
| Gravel | 1.5-1.8 t/m3 | 20-40 mm aggregate. |
| Paint | 10-12 m2/L | One coat; porous surfaces take more. |
Concrete and fence quick sums
| Job | Rule of thumb |
|---|---|
| Post hole | 0.03-0.05 m3 of concrete per post. |
| Fence post spacing | 2.5-3.5 m for stock fence; 3-4 m for boundary. |
| Concrete path | 0.1 m3 per m2 at 100 mm thick. |
| Shed slab | 0.1 m3/m2 at 100 mm; 0.15 m3/m2 at 150 mm. |
| Gravel drive | 0.1 m3/m2 at 100 mm compacted. |
GARDEN, SPACING AND WATERING
Spacing rules of thumb
| Crop | Spacing | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Tomatoes (cordon) | 45-60 cm in row, 80-100 cm between rows | Stake or string. |
| Potatoes | 30-40 cm in row, 70-75 cm rows | Earlies closer; maincrop wider. |
| Carrots | 5-8 cm in row, 25-30 cm rows | Thin to avoid forking. |
| Onions | 10-15 cm in row, 25-30 cm rows | Sets or transplants. |
| Leeks | 15-20 cm in row, 30 cm rows | Blanch with soil. |
| Cabbage | 40-60 cm each way | Larger heads need more. |
| Beans (bush) | 10-15 cm in row, 45-60 cm rows | Succession sow. |
| Peas | 5-8 cm in row, 60-75 cm rows | Support tall varieties. |
| Salad leaves | 15-20 cm each way | Cut-and-come-again. |
| Sweetcorn | 30-40 cm each way in blocks | Blocks pollinate better than rows. |
| Pumpkins | 1-1.5 m each way | Give them room to run. |
| Fruit trees | 3-5 m apart | Rootstock and training decide. |
Seed depth and watering
| Rule | Figure |
|---|---|
| Seed depth | About 2-3 times the seed diameter. |
| Small seed | 5-10 mm; barely cover. |
| Bean / pea seed | 25-40 mm. |
| Watering a bed | 10-20 mm per watering; 10-20 L/m2. |
| Mulch depth | 50-100 mm of well-rotted material. |
| Compost application | 20-50 mm over the bed; 0.02-0.05 m3/m2. |
| 1 m3 compost covers | 10 m2 at 100 mm; 20 m2 at 50 mm. |
PRESERVING, BRINING AND FOOD STORAGE
Salt brine
| Brine strength | Salt per litre water | Use |
|---|---|---|
| 2% | 20 g | Light vegetable brine. |
| 3% | 30 g | Sauerkraut and pickles. |
| 5% | 50 g | General pickling. |
| 10% | 100 g | Strong brine; cure and preserve. |
| Saturated | About 360 g at 20 C | Salt will no longer dissolve. |
Sugar syrup
| Syrup | Sugar : water | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Light | 1 : 2 | Light fruit, poaching. |
| Medium | 1 : 1 | General bottling. |
| Heavy | 2 : 1 | Dense fruit, preserving. |
| Jam | About 1 : 1 fruit to sugar | Use pectin and acid as needed. |
Acid, headspace and storage
| Item | Figure |
|---|---|
| Vinegar for pickling | At least 5% acetic acid. |
| Water-bath canning | High-acid foods only; follow tested times. |
| Pressure canning | Low-acid vegetables and meat. |
| Headspace, jams | 5-10 mm. |
| Headspace, pickles | 10-13 mm. |
| Cool, dark store | 5-15 C; keep dry. |
| Dried food | Below 10% moisture for long storage. |
| Freezer temperature | -18 C or colder. |
FUEL, OIL AND WOOD
| Item | Figure | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Diesel | 0.83-0.85 kg/L | 1 tonne is about 1,180-1,200 L. |
| Petrol | 0.72-0.75 kg/L | 1 tonne is about 1,330-1,390 L. |
| 2-stroke mix 50:1 | 20 ml oil per litre petrol | For small engines that specify 50:1. |
| 2-stroke mix 40:1 | 25 ml oil per litre petrol | Check the machine label. |
| 2-stroke mix 32:1 | 31 ml oil per litre petrol | Older saws and trimmers. |
| Propane | 1 L liquid = 0.51 kg | 1 kg = about 1.96 L. |
| Heating oil | 1 L = about 10.35 kWh | Boiler efficiency changes the useful heat. |
| Firewood | 1 m3 stacked = 0.6-0.7 m3 solid wood | Season to below 20% moisture. |
| Wood energy | About 4.5 kWh/kg dry wood | Stove efficiency 60-80%. |
Treat fuel figures as planning estimates. Temperature, tank shape and supplier metering all move the number.
TIME, SEASONS AND QUICK SUMS
| Item | Figure |
|---|---|
| 1 day | 24 hours / 1,440 minutes |
| 1 week | 7 days / 168 hours |
| 1 year | 365 days / 52 weeks + 1 day |
| 1 leap year | 366 days |
| 1 fortnight | 14 days |
| 1 month | About 4.35 weeks |
| Day of year | 1 January = 1; 31 December = 365 or 366 |
| Growing season | Last frost to first frost; local, not generic. |
Quick sums
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much area is 100 x 50 m? | 5,000 m2 = 0.5 ha = 1.24 acres. |
| How much water fills a 2 m x 2 m x 1 m tank? | 4 m3 = 4,000 L. |
| How many 25 kg bags in a tonne? | 40. |
| How many 50 kg bags in a tonne? | 20. |
| How many bales in a tonne at 20 kg? | 50. |
| What is 15% of 240? | 36. |
| What is a 20% margin on a 50 cost? | Sell at 62.50 for 20% margin. |
| How many litres in a 3 m x 2 m x 1 m trailer? | 6 m3 = 6,000 L. |
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
| Short | Meaning | Short | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| mm | millimetre | cm | centimetre |
| m | metre | km | kilometre |
| in | inch | ft | foot |
| yd | yard | mi | mile |
| m2 | square metre | ha | hectare |
| m3 | cubic metre | L | litre |
| ml | millilitre | gal | gallon |
| g | gram | kg | kilogram |
| t | tonne | lb | pound |
| oz | ounce | cwt | hundredweight |
| C | degrees Celsius | F | degrees Fahrenheit |
| kW | kilowatt | kWh | kilowatt-hour |
| hp | horsepower | BTU | British thermal unit |
| psi | pounds per square inch | bar | 100 kPa |
| Nm | newton-metre | lb-ft | pound-foot |
| ha | hectare | GDD | growing degree days |
| N | nitrogen | P2O5 | phosphate |
| K2O | potash | DM | dry matter |
| CP | crude protein | ME | metabolisable energy |
| Ah | amp-hour | VA | volt-ampere |
When a recipe or label uses a unit you do not recognise, write the local equivalent next to it. This reference is a starting point, not a substitute for the product label or a soil test.
SOURCES & PROVENANCE
1 listed
This page is an AI-organised index. The label means the grouping and cross-links were compiled with AI; the information itself comes from the public-domain books, reports and manuals listed below. Open any source to read the local copy or follow the link to the original publication.
AI-ORGANISED INDEX
Runchero reference index
index
AI-organised conversion tables
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Conversion tables and reference layouts compiled with AI from standard public reference values. Verify safety-critical or expensive calculations independently.