TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT TEXT

“Buy and feed out this amount of bran and cake, and you would have 800 loads of manure, worth _on the land_ $2,226.96, or, estimating as before that it cost 30 cents a load to handle it, its net value would be $1,986.96.” I am well aware that comparatively few farmers in this section can afford to adopt this plan of enriching their land. We want better stock. I do not know where I could buy a lot of steers that it would pay to fatten in the winter. Those farmers who raise good grade Shorthorn or Devon cattle are not the men to sell them half-fat at low rates. They can fatten them as well as I can. For some time to come, the farmer who proposes to feed liberally, will have to raise his own stock. He can rarely buy well-bred animals to fatten. A good farmer must be a good farmer throughout. He can not be good in spots. His land must be drained, well-worked, and free from weeds. If he crops heavily he must manure heavily, and to do this he must feed liberally--and he can not afford to feed liberally unless he has good stock. “I have, myself, no doubt but you are right on this point,” said the Doctor, “but all this _takes time_. Suppose a farmer becomes satisfied that the manure he makes is not rich enough. To tell him, when he is anxious to raise a good crop of potatoes next year, that he must go to work and improve his stock of cattle, sheep, and swine, and then buy bran and oil-cake to make richer manure, is somewhat tantalizing.” This is true, and in such a case, instead of adding nitrogen and phosphoric acid to his manure in the shape of bran, oil-cake, etc., he can buy nitrogen and phosphoric acid in guano or in nitrate of soda and superphosphate. This gives him richer manure; which is precisely what he wants for his potatoes. His poor manure is not so much deficient in potash as in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and consequently it is nitrogen and phosphoric acid that he will probably need to make his soil capable of producing a large crop of potatoes. I have seen Peruvian guano extensively used on potatoes, and almost always with good effect. My first experience with it in this country, was in 1852. Four acres of potatoes were planted on a two-year-old clover-sod, plowed in the spring. On two acres, Peruvian guano was sown broadcast at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre and harrowed in. The potatoes were planted May 10. On the other two acres no manure of any kind was used, though treated exactly alike in every other respect. The result was as follows: No manure 119 bushels per acre. 300 lbs. Peruvian guano 205 ” ” The guano cost, here, about 3 cents a lb., and consequently nine dollars’ worth of guano gave 84 bushels of potatoes. The potatoes were all sound and good, but where the guano was used, they were larger, with scarcely a small one amongst them. In 1857, I made the following experiments on potatoes, in the same field on which the preceding experiment was made in 1852. In this case, as before, the land was a two-year-old clover-sod. It was plowed about the first of May, and harrowed until it was in a good mellow condition. The potatoes were planted in hills 3½ feet apart each way. The following table shows the manures used and the yield of potatoes per acre. Experiments on Potatoes at Moreton Farm. P. Number of Plot. Y/A Yield of Potatoes per acre, in bushels. I/A Increase of Potatoes per acre, in bushels, caused by manure. ---+-----------------------------------------------------+-----+---- | Description of Manures Used, and Quantities | | P. | Applied per Acre. | Y/A |I/A ---+-----------------------------------------------------+-----+---- 1. | No manure | 95 | 2. | 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia | 140 | 45 3. | 300 lbs. superphosphate of lime | 132 | 37 4. | 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia, and 300 lbs. | | | superphosphate of lime | 179 | 84 5. | 400 lbs. of unleached wood-ashes | 100 | 5 6. | 100 lbs. plaster, (gypsum, or sulphate of lime,) | 101 | 6 7. | 400 lbs. unleached wood-ashes and 100 lbs. plaster | 110 | 15 8. | 400 lbs. unleached wood-ashes, 150 lbs. | | | sulphate of ammonia and 100 lbs. plaster | 109 | 14 9. | 300 lbs. superphosphate of lime, 150 lbs. sulphate | | | of ammonia and 400 lbs. unleached wood-ashes | 138 | 43 ---+-----------------------------------------------------+-----+---- The superphosphate of lime was made expressly for experimental purposes, from calcined bones, ground fine, and mixed with sulphuric acid in the proper proportions to convert all the phosphate of lime of the bones into the soluble superphosphate. It was a purely mineral article, free from ammonia and other organic matter. It cost about two and a half cents per pound. The manures were deposited in the hill, covered with an inch or two of soil, and the seed then planted on the top. Where superphosphate of lime or sulphate of ammonia was used in conjunction with ashes, the ashes were first deposited in the hill and covered with a little soil, and then the superphosphate or sulphate of ammonia placed on the top and covered with soil before the seed was planted. Notwithstanding this precaution, the rain washed the sulphate of ammonia into the ashes, and decomposition, with loss of ammonia, was the result. This will account for the less yield on plot 8 than on plot 2. It would have been better to have sown the ashes broadcast, but some previous experiments with Peruvian guano on potatoes indicated that it was best to apply guano in the hill, carefully covering it with soil to prevent it injuring the seed, than to sow it broadcast. It was for this reason, and for the greater convenience in sowing, that the manures were applied in the hill. The ash of potatoes consists of about 50 per cent of potash, and this fact has induced many writers to recommend ashes as a manure for this crop. It will be seen, however, that in this instance, at least, they have very little effect, 400 lbs. giving an increase of only five bushels per acre. One hundred pounds of plaster per acre gave an increase of six bushels. Plaster and ashes combined, an increase per acre of 15 bushels. One fact is clearly brought out by these experiments: that this soil, which has been under cultivation without manure for many years, is not, relatively to other constituents of crops, deficient in potash. Had such been the case, the sulphate of ammonia and superphosphate of lime--manures which contain no potash--would not have give a an increase of 84 bushels of potatoes per acre. There was sufficient potash in the soil, in an available condition, for 179 bushels of potatoes per acre; and the reason why the soil without manure produced only 95 bushels per acre, was owing to a deficiency of ammonia and phosphates. Since these experiments were made, Dr. Vœlcker and others have made similar ones in England. The results on the whole all point in one direction. They show that the manures most valuable for potatoes are those rich in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and that occasionally potash is also a useful addition. “There is one thing I should like to know,” said the Doctor. “Admitting that nitrogen and phosphoric acid and potash are the most important elements of plant-food, how many bushels of potatoes should we be likely to get from a judicious application of these manures?” “There is no way,” said I, “of getting at this with any degree of certainty. The numerous experiments that have been made in England seem to show that a given quantity of manure will produce a larger _increase_ on poor land than on land in better condition.” In England potatoes are rarely if ever planted without manure, and the land selected for this crop, even without manure, would usually be in better condition than the average potato land of this section, and consequently a given amount of manure, applied to potatoes here, would be likely to do more good, up to a certain point, than the same amount would in England. Let us look at some of the experiments that have been made in England:-- In the Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland for 1873 is a prize essay on “Experiments upon Potatoes, with Potash Salts, on Light Land,” by Charles D. Hunter, F.C.S., made on the farm of William Lawson, in Cumberland. Mr. Hunter “was charged with the manuring of the farm and the purchasing of chemical manures to the annual value of £2,000,” or say $10,000. “Potatoes,” says Mr. Hunter, “were largely grown on the farm, and in the absence of a sufficiency of farm-yard manure, potash naturally suggested itself as a necessary constituent of a chemical potato-manure. The soil was light and gravelly, with an open subsoil, and the rainfall from 29 to 38 inches a year.” The first series of experiments was made in 1867. The following are some of the results:-- Bushels per acre. No manure 221 4 cwt. mineral superphosphate 225 4 cwt. mineral superphosphate and } 240 4 cwt. of muriate of potash } 15½ tons farm-yard manure 293 “That does not say much for potash and superphosphate,” said the Deacon. “The superphosphate only produced four bushels more than the no manure, and the potash and superphosphate only fifteen bushels more than the superphosphate alone.” It may be worth while mentioning that one of the experimental plots this year was on a head-land, “where the cattle frequently stand for shelter.” This plot was dressed with only eight and a half tons of manure, and the crop was over 427 bushels per acre, while a plot alongside, without manure, produced only 163 bushels per acre. “That shows the importance,” said the Deacon, “of planting potatoes on rich land, rather than to plant on poor land and try to make it rich by applying manure directly to the crop.” The following are some of the results in 1868: Bushels per acre. 1. No manure 232 {4 cwt. superphosphate } 2. {2 ” muriate of potash } 340 {2 ” sulphate of ammonia } 3. 20 tons farm-yard manure 342 4. {4 cwt. superphosphate } 274 {4 ” muriate of potash } “Here again,” said the Doctor, “superphosphate and potash alone give an increase of only forty-two bushels per acre, while on plot 2, where two hundred weight of muriate of potash is substituted by two hundred weight of sulphate of ammonia, the increase is 108 bushels per acre. It certainly looks as though a manure for potatoes, so far as yield is concerned, should be rich in available nitrogen.” The following are some of the results in 1869: Bushels per acre. 1. No manure 176 2. {4 cwt. superphosphate } {¾ ” sulphate of magnesia } 306 {2 ” muriate of potash } {2 ” sulphate of ammonia } 3. 4 cwt. superphosphate 189 4. {4 cwt. superphosphate } 201 {2 ” sulphate of ammonia } 5. {4 cwt. superphosphate } {2 ” muriate of potash } 340 {2 ” sulphate of ammonia. } 6. {4 cwt. superphosphate } 249 {2 ” muriate of potash } “This is a very interesting experiment,” said the Doctor. “Superphosphate alone gives an increase of thirteen bushels. Superphosphate and potash an increase of seventy-three bushels. The potash, therefore, gives an increase of sixty bushels. Superphosphate _and_ ammonia give twelve bushels more than superphosphate alone, and the reason it does not produce a better crop is owing to a deficiency of potash. When this is supplied the ammonia gives an increase (plots 5 and 6) of ninety-one bushels per acre.” In 1870 the above experiments were repeated on the same land, with the same general results. In 1871 some experiments were made on a sharp, gravelly soil, which had been over-cropped, and was in poor condition. The following are the results:-- Bushels per acre. 1. {9 cwt. superphosphate } 186 {3 ” sulphate of ammonia } 2. {9 cwt. superphosphate } {3½ ” muriate of potash } 204 {3 ” sulphate of ammonia } 3. No manure 70 4. {9 cwt. superphosphate } {3½ ” muriate of potash } 205 {3 ” sulphate of ammonia } 5. 20 tons farm-yard manure 197 “On this poor soil,” said the Doctor, “the ammonia and superphosphate gave an increase of 116 bushels per acre; and 3½ hundred weight of muriate of potash an increase, on one plot, of eighteen bushels, and on the other nineteen bushels per acre.” In the same year, 1871, another set of experiments was made on a better and more loamy soil, which had been in grass for several years. In 1869 it was sown for hay, and in 1870 was broken up and sown to oats, and the next spring planted with potatoes. The following are some of the results: Bushels per acre. {6¼ cwt. superphosphate } 1. {2½ ” muriate of potash } 321 {2½ ” sulphate of ammonia } 2. {6¼ cwt. superphosphate } 296 {2½ ” sulphate of ammonia } 3. No manure 252 4. {6¼ cwt. superphosphate } 311 {2½ ” muriate of potash } 5. 2½ cwt. sulphate of ammonia 238 6. 15 tons farm-yard manure 365 “It is curious,” said the Doctor, “that the plot with sulphate of ammonia alone should produce less than the no-manure plot.” “The sulphate of ammonia,” said I, “may have injured the seed, or it may have produced too luxuriant a growth of vine.” Another series of experiments was made on another portion of the same field in 1871. The “no-manure” plot produced 337 bushels per acre. Manures of various kinds were used, but the largest yield, 351 bushels per acre, was from superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia; fourteen tons barn-yard manure produce 340 bushels per acre; and Mr. Hunter remarks: “It is evident that, when the produce of the unmanured soil reaches nine tons [336 bushels] per acre, there is but little scope for manure of any kind.” “I do not see,” said the Doctor, “that you have answered my question, but I suppose that, with potatoes at fifty cents a bushel, and wheat at $1.50 per bushel, artificial manures can be more profitably used on potatoes than on wheat, and the same is probably true of oats, barley, corn, etc.” I have long been of the opinion that artificial manures can be applied to potatoes with more profit than to any other ordinary farm-crop, for the simple reason that, in this country, potatoes, on the average, command relatively high prices. For instance, if average land, without manure, will produce fifteen bushels of wheat per acre and 100 bushels of potatoes, and a given quantity of manure costing, say $25, will double the crop, we have, in the one case, _an increase_ of:-- 15 bushels of wheat at $1.50 $22.50 15 cwt. of straw 3.50 ------ $26.00 Cost of manure 25.00 ------ Profit from using manure $1.00 And in the other:-- 100 bushels of potatoes at 50 cents $50.00 Cost of manure 25.00 ------ Profit from using manure $25.00 The only question is, whether the same quantity of the right kind of manure is as likely to double the potato crop as to double the wheat crop, when both are raised on average land. “It is not an easy matter,” said the Deacon, “to double the yield of potatoes.” “Neither is it,” said I, “to double the yield of wheat, but both can be done, provided you start low enough. If your land is clean, and well worked, and dry, and only produces ten bushels of wheat per acre, there is no difficulty in making it produce twenty bushels; and so of potatoes. If the land be dry and well cultivated, and, barring the bugs, produces without manure 75 bushels per acre, there ought to be no difficulty in making it produce 150 bushels. “But if your land produces, without manure, 150 bushels, it is not always easy to make it produce 300 bushels. Fortunately, or unfortunately, our land is, in most cases, poor enough to start with, and we ought to be able to use manure on potatoes to great advantage.” “But will not the manure,” asked the Deacon, “injure the quality of the potatoes?” I think not. So far as my experiments and experience go, the judicious use of good manure, on dry land, favors the perfect maturity of the tubers and the formation of starch. I never manured potatoes so highly as I did last year (1877), and never had potatoes of such high quality. They cook white, dry, and mealy. We made furrows two and a half feet apart, and spread rich, well-rotted manure in the furrows, and planted the potatoes on top of the manure, and covered them with a plow. In our climate, I am inclined to think, it would be better to apply the manure to the land for potatoes the autumn previous. If sod land, spread the manure on the surface, and let it lie exposed all winter. If stubble land, plow it in the fall, and then spread the manure in the fall or winter, and plow it under in the spring. CHAPTER XXXII. WHAT CROPS SHOULD MANURE BE APPLIED TO. “It will not do any harm on any crop,” said the Deacon, “but on my farm it seems to be most convenient to draw it out in the winter or spring, and plow it under for corn. I do not know any farmer except you who uses it on potatoes.” My own rule is to apply manure to those crops which require the most labor per acre. But I am well aware that this rule will have many exceptions. For instance, it will often pay well to use manure on barley, and yet barley requires far less labor than corn or potatoes. People who let out, and those who work farms “on shares” seldom understand this matter clearly. I knew a farmer, who last year let out a field of good land, that had been in corn the previous year, to a man to sow to barley, and afterwards to wheat on “the halves.” Another part of the farm was taken by a man to plant corn and potatoes on similar terms, and another man put in several acres of cabbage, beets, carrots, and onions on halves. It never seemed to occur to either of them that the conditions were unequal. The expense of digging and harvesting the potato-crop alone was greater than the whole cost of the barley-crop; while, after the barley was off, the land was plowed once, harrowed, and sowed to winter wheat; and nothing more has to be done to it until the next harvest. With the garden crops, the difference is even still more striking. The labor expended on one acre of onions or carrots would put in and harvest a ten-acre field of barley. If the tenant gets pay for his labor, the landlord would get say $5 an acre for his barley land, and $50 for his carrot and onion land. I am pretty sure the tenants did not see the matter in this light, nor the farmer either. Crops which require a large amount of labor can only be grown on very rich land. Our successful market-gardeners, seed-growers, and nurserymen understand this matter. They must get great crops or they cannot pay their labor bill. And the principle is applicable to ordinary farm crops. Some of them require much more labor than others, and should never be grown unless the land is capable of producing a maximum yield per acre, or a close approximation to it. As a rule, the least-paying crops are those which require the least labor per acre. Farmers are