TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT TEXT

Grape-Seeds |110 | .. | 25.0| 7.2| .. | 8.4| 2.1| 6.0| 0.6| 0.3 Horse-chestnuts, |492 |10.2| 12.0| 7.1| .. | 1.4| 0.1| 2.7| 0.3| 0.3 fresh | | | | | | | | | | Acorns, fresh |560 | .. | 9.6| 6.2| 0.1| 0.7| 0.5| 1.4| 0.4| 0.1 XI. VARIOUS ANIMAL PRODUCTS Cows’ Milk |875 | 5.1| 6.2| 1.5| 0.6| 1.3| 0.2| 1.7| .. | .. Sheep |860 | 5.5| 8.4| 1.8| 0.3| 2.5| 0.1| 3.0| 0.1| 0.2 Cheese |450 |45.3| 67.4| 2.5|26.6| 6.9| 0.2|11.5| .. | .. Ox-blood |790 |32.0| 7.5| 0.6| 3.4| 0.1| 0.1| 0.4| 0.2| 0.1 Calf-blood |800 |29.0| 7.1| 0.8| 2.9| 0.1| 0.1| 0.6| 0.1| .. Sheep-blood |790 |32.0| 7.5| 0.5| 3.3| 0.1| 0.1| 0.4| 0.1| .. Swine-blood |800 |29.0| 7.1| 1.5| 2.2| 0.1| 0.1| 0.9| 0.1| .. Ox-flesh |770 |36.0| 12.6| 5.2| .. | 0.2| 0.4| 4.3| 0.4| 0.3 Calf flesh |780 |34.9| 12.0| 4.1| 1.0| 0.2| 0.2| 5.8| .. | 0.1 Swine-flesh |740 |34.7| 10.4| 3.9| 0.5| 0.8| 0.5| 4.6| .. | .. Living Ox |597 |26.6| 46.6| 1.7| 1.4|20.8| 0.6|18.6| .. | 0.1 Living Calf |662 |25.0| 38.0| 2.4| 0.6|16.3| 0.5|13.8| .. | 0.1 Living Sheep |591 |22.4| 31.7| 1.5| 1.4|13.2| 0.4|12.8| .. | 0.2 Living Swine |528 |20.0| 21.6| 1.8| 0.2| 9.2| 0.4| 8.8| .. | .. Eggs |672 |21.8| 61.8| 1.5| 1.4|54.0| 1.0| 3.7| 0.1| 0.1 Wool, washed |120 |94.4| 9.7| 1.8| 0.3| 2.4| 0.6| 0.3| .. | 2.5 Wool, unwashed |150 |54.0| 98.8|74.6| 1.9| 4.2| 1.6| 1.1| 4.0| 3.0 ------------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----- B.--AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS MANURES. W Water. OS Organic Substance. A Ash. N Nitrogen. P Potash. S Soda. L Lime. M Magnesia. PhA Phosphoric Acid. SA Sulphuric Acid. S&S Silica and Sand. C&F Chlorine and Florine. ------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+---- Name of | | | | | | | | | | | | Fertilizer. | W | OS | A | N | P | S | L | M | PhA| SA |S&S |C&F ------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+---- I.--Animal Excrements. | | | | | | | | | (In 1000 parts of Manure.) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fresh Fæces:| | | | | | | | | | | | Horse |757 |211 | 31.6| 4.4| 3.5| 0.6| 1.5|1.2| 3.5| 0.6|19.6| 0.2 Cattle |838 |145 | 17.2| 2.9| 1.0| 0.2| 3.4|1.3| 1.7| 0.4| 7.2| 0.2 Sheep |655 |314 | 31.1| 5.5| 1.5| 1.0| 4.6|1.5| 3.1| 1.4|17.5| 0.3 Swine |820 |150 | 30.0| 6.0| 2.6| 2.5| 0.9|1.0| 4.1| 0.4|15.0| 0.3 Fresh Urine: | | | | | | | | | | | Horse |901 | 71 | 28.0|15.5|15.0| 2.5| 4.5|2.4| .. | 0.6| 0.8| 1.5 Cattle |938 | 35 | 27.4| 5.8| 4.9| 6.4| 0.1|0.4| .. | 1.3| 0.3| 3.8 Sheep |872 | 83 | 45.2|19.5|22.6| 5.4| 1.6|3.4| 0.1| 3.0| 0.1| 6.5 Swine |967 | 28 | 15.0| 4.3| 8.3| 2.1| .. |0.8| 0.7| 0.8| .. | 2.3 Fresh Dung (with straw:)* | | | | | | | | | Horse |713 |254 | 32.6| 5.8| 5.3| 1.0| 2.1|1.4| 2.8| 0.7|17.7| 0.4 Cattle |775 |203 | 21.8| 3.4| 4.0| 1.4| 3.1|1.1| 1.6| 0.6| 8.5| 1.0 Sheep |646 |318 | 35.6| 8.3| 6.7| 2.2| 3.3|1.8| 2.3| 1.5|14.7| 1.7 Swine |724 |250 | 25.6| 4.5| 6.0| 2.0| 0.8|0.9| 1.9| 0.8|10.8| 1.7 Common Barn-yard Manure: | | | | | | | | | Fresh |710 |246 | 44.1| 4.5| 5.2| 1.5| 5.7|1.4| 2.1| 1.2|12.5| 1.5 Moderately| | | | | | | | | | | | rotted |750 |192 | 58.0| 5.0| 6.3| 1.9| 7.0|1.8| 2.6| 1.6|16.8| 1.9 Thoroughly| | | | | | | | | | | | rotted |790 |145 | 65.0| 5.8| 5.0| 1.3| 8.8|1.8| 3.0| 1.3|17.0| 1.6 Drainage from Barn-yard | | | | | | | | | Manure |982 | 7 | 10.7| 1.5| 4.9| 1.0| 0.3|0.4| 0.1| 0.7| 0.2| 1.2 Human Fæces,| | | | | | | | | | | | fresh |772 |198 | 29.9|10.0| 2.5| 1.6| 6.2|3.6|10.9| 0.8| 1.9| 0.4 ” Urine,| | | | | | | | | | | | ” |963 | 24 | 13.5| 6.0| 2.0| 4.6| 0.2|0.2| 1.7| 0.4| .. | 5.0 Mixed human excrements, | | | | | | | | | fresh |933 | 51 | 16.0| 7.0| 2.1| 3.8| 0.9|0.6| 2.6| 0.5| 0.2| 4.0 Mixed human excrements, mostly | | | | | | | | liquid |955 | 30 | 15.0| 3.5| 2.0| 3.0| 1.0|0.6| 2.8| 0.4| 0.2| 4.3 Dove Manure,| | | | | | | | | | | | fresh |519 |308 |173.0|17.6|10.0| 0.7|16.0|5.0|17.8| 3.3|20.2| .. Hen ” ” |560 |255 |185.0|16.3| 8.5| 1.0|24.0|7.4|15.4| 4.5|35.2| .. Duck ” ” |566 |262 |172.0|10.0| 6.2| 0.5|17.0|3.5|14.0| 3.5|28.0| .. Geese ” ” |771 |134 | 95.0| 5.5| 9.5| 1.3| 8.4|2.0| 5.4| 1.4|14.0| .. | | | | | | | | | | | | II.--Commercial Manures. | | | | | | | | | (In 100 parts of Fertilizer.) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Peruvian | | | | | | | | | | | | Guano |14.8|51.4| 33.8|13.0| 2.3| 1.4|11.0|1.2|13.0| 1.0| 1.7| 1.3 Norway | | | | | | | | | | | | Fish-Guano|12.6|53.4| 34.0| 9.0| 0.3| 0.9|15.4|0.6|13.5| 0.3| 1.6| 1.1 Poudrette |24.0|27.0| 49.0| 2.0| 0.9| 1.0|18.6|0.5| 2.1| 1.0| 5.4| 1.5 Pulverized Dead | | | | | | | | | | | Animals | 5.7|56.9| 37.4| 6.5| 0.3| 0.8|18.2|0.4|13.9| 1.0| 1.7| 0.2 Flesh-Meal |27.8|56.6| 15.6| 9.7| .. | .. | 7.0|0.3| 6.3| 0.1| 1.1| .. Dried Blood |14.0|79.0| 7.0|11.7| 0.7| 0.6| 0.7|0.1| 1.0| 0.4| 2.1| 0.4 Horn-Meal and | | | | | | | | | | | Shavings| 8.5|68.5| 25.0|10.2| .. | .. | 6.6|0.3| 5.5| 0.9|11.0| .. Bone-Meal | 6.0|33.3| 60.7| 3.8| 0.2| 0.3|31.3|1.0|23.2| 0.1| 3.5| 0.3 Bone-Meal from solid | | | | | | | | | | parts | 5.0|31.5| 63.5| 3.5| 0.1| 0.2|33.0|1.0|25.2| 0.1| 3.0| 0.2 Bone-Meal from soft | | | | | | | | | | parts | 7.0|37.3| 55.7| 4.0| 0.2| 0.3|29.0|1.0|20.0| 0.1| 3.5| 0.2 Bone-black, before | | | | | | | | | | used | 6.0|10.0| 84.0| 1.0| 0.1| 0.3|43.0|1.1|32.0| 0.4| 5.0| .. Bone-black, | | | | | | | | | | | | spent |10.0| 6.0| 84.0| 0.5| 0.1| 0.2|37.0|1.1|26.0| 0.4|15.0| .. Bone ash | 6.0| 3.0| 91.0| .. | 0.3| 0.6|46.0|1.2|35.4| 0.4| 6.5| .. Baker Guano |10.0| 9.2| 81.0| 0.5| 0.2| 1.2|41.5|1.5|34.8| 1.5| 0.8| 0.3 Jarvis Guano|11.8| 8.2| 80.0| 0.4| 0.4| 0.3|39.1|0.5|20.6|18.0| 0.5| 0.2 Estremadura | | | | | | | | | | | | Apatite | 0.6| .. | .. | .. | 0.7| 0.3|48.1|0.1|37.6| 0.2| 9.0| 1.5 Sombrero | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate | 8.5| .. | 91.5| 0.1| .. | 0.8|43.5|0.6|35.0| 0.5| 1.0| 0.6 Navassa | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate | 2.6| 5.4| 92.0| 0.1| .. | .. |37.5|0.6|33.2| 0.5| 5.0| 0.1 Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | rich | 2.6| .. | 97.4| .. | 0.8| 0.4|45.1|0.2|33.0| 0.3| 5.5| 3.1 Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | medium | 2.5| .. | 97.5| .. | 0.7| 0.4|40.1|0.2|24.1| .. |20.8| 1.5 Westphalian Phos-| | | | | | | | | | | phorite | 6.5| 1.6| 91.8| .. | .. | .. |21.8|0.9|19.7| 1.0|22.0| 1.6 Hanover Phos- | | | | | | | | | | | phorite | 2.0| 3.5| 94.5| .. | .. | .. |37.2|0.2|29.2| 0.5| 3.3| 1.5 Coprolites | 4.3| .. | 95.7| .. | 1.0| 0.5|45.4|1.0|26.4| 0.8| 7.5| 0.1 Sulphate of | | | | | | | | | | | | Ammonia | 4.0| .. | .. |20.0| .. | .. | 0.5| ..| .. |58.0| 3.0| 1.4 Nitrate of | | | | | | | | | | | | Soda | 2.6| .. | .. |15.5| .. |35.0| 0.2| ..| .. | 0.7| 1.5| 1.7 Wool-dust and | | | | | | | | | | | offal |10.0|56.0| 34.0| 5.2| 0.3| 0.1| 1.4|0.3| 1.3| 0.5|29.0| 0.2 Lime-cake | 6.5|47.0| 46.5| 3.1| .. | .. |20.5|2.4| 3.0| .. | 8.0| .. Whale-oil | | | | | | | | | | | | refuse |23.0|68.4| 8.6| 5.7| .. | .. | 3.0|0.2| 2.3| .. | 3.0| .. Common Salt | 5.0| .. | 95.0| .. | .. |44.3| 1.2|0.2| .. | 1.4| 2.0|48.2 Gypsum or | | | | | | | | | | | | Plaster |20.0| .. | 80.8| .. | .. | .. |31.0|0.1| .. |44.0| 4.0| .. Gas-lime | 7.0| 1.3| 91.7| 0.4| 0.2| .. |64.5|1.5| .. |12.5| 3.0| .. Sugar-House | | | | | | | | | | | | Scum |34.5|24.5| 41.0| 1.2| 0.2| 0.6|20.7|0.3| 1.5| 0.3| 9.1| 0.1 Leached wood| | | | | | | | | | | | ashes |20.0| 5.0| 75.0| .. | 2.5| 1.3|24.5|2.5| 6.0| 0.3|20.0| .. Wood-soot | 5.0|71.8| 23.2| 1.3| 2.4| 0.5|10.0|1.5| 0.4| 0.3| 4.0| .. Coal-soot | 5.0|70.2| 24.8| 2.5| 0.1| .. | 4.0|1.5| .. | 1.7|16.0| .. Ashes from Deciduous | | | | | | | | | | trees | 5.0| 5.0| 90.0| .. |10.0| 2.5|30.0|5.0| 6.5| 1.6|18.0| 0.3 Ashes from Evergreen | | | | | | | | | | trees | 5.0| 5.0| 90.0| .. | 6.0| 2.0|35.0|6.0| 4.5| 1.6|18.0| 0.3 Peat-ashes | 5.0| .. | 95.0| .. | 1.5| 0.8| ? |1.5| 0.6| 1.3| ? | 0.2 Bituminous | | | | | | | | | | | | coal-ashes| 5.0| .. | 95.0| .. | 0.5| 0.4| ? |3.2| 0.2| 3.5| ? | .. Anthracite | | | | | | | | | | | | coal-ashes| 5.0| 5.0| 90.0| .. | 0.1| 0.1| ? |3.0| 0.1| 5.0| ? | .. | | | | | | | | | | | | III. Superphosphate, from | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Peruvian | | | | | | | | | | | | Guano |16.0|41.9| 42.1|10.0| 2.0| 1.2| 9.5|1.0|10.5|15.0| 1.5| 1.1 Baker Guano |15.0| 6.2| 78.8| 0.3| 0.1| 0.8|25.9|0.9|21.8|28.5| 0.9| 0.2 Estremadura | | | | | | | | | | | | Apatite |15.0| .. | 85.0| .. | 0.4| 0.2|28.2|0.1|22.1|28.5| 5.3| 0.9 Sombrero | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate |15.0| .. | 85.0| .. | .. | 0.5|26.4|0.4|20.2|25.5| 0.6| 0.4 Navassa | | | | | | | | | | | | Phosphate |15.0| 2.5| 82.5| .. | .. | ? |17.0|0.3|15.4|19.5| 2.3| ? Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | rich |15.0| .. |85.0 | .. | 0.5| 0.2|26.5|0.1|19.4|25.5| 3.2| 1.8 Nassau Phosphorite, | | | | | | | | | | medium |12.0| .. |88.0 | .. | 0.3| 0.1|24.2|0.1|16.6|19.5|13.5| 1.3 Bone-black |15.0| 8.0|77.0 | 0.3| .. | 0.1|25.0|0.7|16.2|21.0| 9.3| .. Bone-Meal |13.0|23.8|63.2 | 2.0| 0.1| 0.2|22.4|0.7|16.6|19.5| 2.5| 0.2 Phospho-guano (manu- | | | | | | | | | | factured.)|15.5|13.0|80.3 | 3.3| 0.3| 0.4|24.0| ..|20.5|28.8| 3.0| 0.9 ------------+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+---- * It is estimated that in the case of horses, cattle, and swine, one-third of the urine drains away. The following is the amount of wheat-straw used daily as bedding for each animal. Horse, 6 lbs.; Cattle, 8 lbs.; Swine, 4 lbs., and sheep, 0.6 lbs. 2.--TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INGREDIENTS IN SOME MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. DS Dry Substance. N Nitrogen. A Ash. P Potash. L Lime. M Magnesia. PhA Phosphoric Acid. ----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- Name of Material. | DS | N | A | P | L | M | PhA ----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- 1.--Brewing. | lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs.| lbs. 1000 lbs. Barley, contain |855 | 15.2|22.23|4.48 |0.58 |1.92 |7.71 15 ” Hops ” | 13.2| .. | 1.00|0.345|0.167|0.056|0.168 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Water | .. | .. | 1.23|0.852|0.039|0.045|0.234 Malt-Sprouts | 33 | 1.38| 2.43|0.749|0.069|0.066|0.653 Brewers’ Grains |269 | 8.74|13.08|0.580|1.474|1.134|3.631 Spent Hops | 9 | .. | 0.54|0.032|0.160|0.055|0.062 Yeast | 30 | 2.94| 2.27|0.643|0.097|0.185|1.349 Beer | .. | 2.14| 3.65|1.998| .. |0.484|0.939 | | | | | | | 2.--Distillery. | | | | | | | a. 1000 lbs. Potatoes, | | | | | | | contain |250 | 3.2 | 9.43|5.69 | 0.24|0.44 |1.63 40 ” Kiln-Malt | 37 | 0.56| 1.06|0.184|0.040|0.088|0.388 20 ” Yeast-Malt | 18.5| 0.28| 0.53|0.092|0.020|0.044|0.194 The Slump, contains |125 | 4.04|11.02|5.966|0.300|0.572|2.212 (b.) Grain Spirits. | | | | | | | 800 lbs. Rye, contain |684 |14.08|14.32|4.501|0.376|1.648|6.710 200 ” Kiln-Malt, contain |184 | 2.82| 5.12|0.883|0.195|0.429|1.526 50 ” Yeast-Malt, ” | 46 | 0.71| 1.28|0.221|0.049|0.107|0.382 The Slump, contains |443 |17.61|20.72|5.605|0.620|2.184|8.618 | | | | | | | 3.--Yeast Manufacture. | | | | | | | 700 lbs. bruised Rye, | | | | | | | contain |599 |12.32|12.53|3.941|0.329|1.444|5.876 300 ” Barley-Malt, ” |276 | 4.23| 7.67|1.325|0.293|0.643|2.801 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Yeast | 45 | 4.60| 3.41|1.273|0.192|0.367|2.672 Grains and Slump |325 |11.95|16.79|3.993|0.430|1.720|6.005 | | | | | | | 4.--Starch Manufacture. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Potatoes, contain |250 | 3.20| 9.43|5.69 |0.24 |0.44 |1.63 The remains in the Fibre | 75 | 0.60| 0.51|0.086|0.266|0.042|0.133 ” ” ” Water | 45 | 2.60| 8.89|5.604| .. |0.398|1.497 | | | | | | | 5.--Milling. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Wheat, contain |857 |20.80|16.88|5.26 |0.57 |2.02 |7.94 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Flour (77.5 per cent) |664 |14.65| 5.50|1.980|0.154|0.458|2.862 Mill-feed ( 6.5 ” ) | 58 | 1.64| 1.80|0.648|0.050|0.148|0.936 Bran (16.0 ” ) |135 | 4.51| 9.60|2.762|0.396|1.394|4.102 | | | | | | | 6.--Cheese-Making. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Milk, contain |125 | 4.80| 6.10|1.505|1.333|0.186|1.735 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Cheese | 65 | 4.53| 2.84|0.247|0.687|0.028|1.515 Whey | 60 | 0.27| 3.26|1.258|0.646|0.158|0.584 | | | | | | | 7.--Beet-Sugar Manufacture. | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Roots, contain |184 | 1.60| 7.10|3.914|0.379|0.536|0.780 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | Tops and Tails (12 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 19 | 0.24| 1.15|0.336|0.108|0.132|0.144 Pomace (15 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 46 | 0.44| 1.71|0.585|0.390|0.105|0.165 Skimmings (4 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 24 | 0.60| 1.20|0.380|8.640|0.240|0.384 Molasses (3 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 25 | 0.32| 2.47|1.741|0.141|0.009|0.015 Sugar and loss | 85 | .. | 0.57|0.872| .. |0.040|0.072 | | | | | | | 8. Flax Dressing. | | | | | | | 1000 lbs. Flax-Stalks, | | | | | | | contain |860 | .. |30.36|9.426|6.751|1.995|3.990 Distribution of the Ingredients: | | | | | In the Water |215 | .. |25.15|9.175|4.100|1.850|3.400 Stems or Husks |460 | .. | 4.03|0.171|2.052|0.096|0.474 Flax and Tow |155 | .. | 1.22|0.054|0.648|0.054|0.126 ----------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----- INDEX. Absorptive Powers of Soils, 217 Ammonia Absorbed by Soil from the Atmosphere, 219 Ammonia and Superphosphate, 242 ” and Weeds, 254 ” Converted into Nitric Acid in the Soil, 313 ” for Oats, 253-254 ” for Potatoes, 261 ” for Wheat, 192-213 ” in Fresh Horse-dung, 96 ” in Limed and Unlimed Soils, 220 ” in the Soil Liberated by Lime, 221 ” Locked Up in the Soil, 221 ” Loss of by Fermenting Manure, 98 ” on Grass Land, 273 ” Potential, 31 ” Quantity of to Produce One Bushel of Wheat, 211-212 ” Required to Produce a Bushel of Barley, 240-242 ” Retained by the Soil, 218 ” Salts, Composition of, 312 ” ” How to Apply, 286-312 ” ” for Private Gardens, 297 Anderson, J. M. B., Letter from, 345 Animals, Composition of Manure from Different, 306 ” What They Remove from the Food, 301 Apple Trees, Nitrate of Soda for, 314 Artificial Manures, Will They Pay, 214 Ashes, Burnt Earth, 72 ” Coal, 72 ” for Barley, 241 ” for Indian Corn, 279 ” for Oats, 253 ” for Potatoes, 259 ” of Manure for Wheat, 173 ” on Long Island, 346 ” Plaster and Hen-dung for Potatoes, 255 ” Wood, 104 Barley After Ten Crops of Turnips, 250 ” a Large Yield of, 242 ” and Clover after a heavily-manured Root-crop, 287 ” Best Soil for, 227 ” Cost of Raising With and Without Manure, 245 ” Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 227 ” Potash Increases the Crop of at Rothamsted, 329 ” Profits of Raising in Poor Seasons, 243 ” Quality and Price of, 242 ” Yield Per Acre, 11