FARM MECHANICS: MACHINERY AND ITS USE TO SAVE HAND LABOR ON THE FARM TEXT

depth. The top surface of the liquid in the tank is held down to a level of at least six inches below the bottom of the cellar. So there is no possible chance of the house sewer filling and backing up towards the house. Usually the vitrified sewer pipe is four inches in diameter, the septic tank siphons for a small tank are three inches in diameter and the final discharge pipe is three inches in diameter, with a rapid fall for the first ten feet after leaving the tank. Septic tanks should be made of concrete, waterproofed on the inside to prevent the possibility of seepage. Septic tank tops are made of reinforced concrete with manhole openings. Also the manhole covers are made of reinforced concrete, either beveled to fit the openings or made considerably larger than the opening, so that they sit down flat on the top surface of the tank. These covers are always deep enough down in the ground so that when covered over the earth holds them in place. In laying vitrified sewer it is absolutely necessary to calk each joint with okum or lead, or okum reinforced with cement. It is almost impossible to make a joint tight with cement alone, although it can be done by an expert. Each length of the sewer-pipe should be given a uniform grade. The vitrified sewer is trapped outside of the building with an ordinary S-trap ventilated, which leaves the sewer open to the atmosphere and prevents the possibility of back-pressure that might drive the poisonous gases from the decomposing sewerage through the sewer back into the house. In this way, the septic tank is made entirely separate from the house plumbing, except that the two systems are connected at this outside trap. It is sometimes recommended that the waste water from the second compartment shall be distributed through a series of drains made with three-inch or four-inch drain tile and that the outlet of this set of drains shall empty into or connect with a regularly organized field drainage system. Generally speaking, the final discharge of liquid from a septic tank that is properly constructed is inoffensive and harmless. However, it is better to use every possible precaution to preserve the health of the family, and it is better to dispose of the final waste in such a way as to prevent any farm animal from drinking it. While manholes are built into septic tanks for the purpose of examination, in practice they are seldom required. If the tanks are properly built and rightly proportioned to the sewerage requirements they will take care of the waste water from the house year after year without attention. Should any accidents occur, they are more likely to be caused by a leakage in the vitrified sewer than from any other cause. Manufacturers of plumbing supplies furnish the siphons together with instructions for placing them properly in the concrete walls. Some firms supply advertising matter from which to work out the actual size and proportions of the different compartments and all connections. The making of a septic tank is simple when the principle is once understood. INDEX PAGE Acetylene gas 129 Air pressure pump 107 Anvil 33 Apple-picking bag 216 ladder 215 Asparagus knife 205 Auger, ship 26 Auger-bit 24, 25 Automatic hog feeder 219 Axles, wagon 52 Babbitting boxings 73 Barn trucks 226 Belt punch 211 work 146 Bench and vise 34 Bench for iron work 35 for woodworking 16 Bipod 206 Bits, extension boring 26 Bit, twist-drill, for wood-boring 25 Blacksmith hammers 61 shop 31 Block and tackle 77 Bobsleighs 188 Boiler, steam 90 Bolster spring 186 stake 187 Bolt cutter 45 Bolts, carriage and machine 56 emergency 53 home-made 52 plow and sickle bar 56 Boxings, babbitting 73 Brace, wagon-box 58 Bramble hook 20 Brass valves 236 Breeding crate for hogs 203 Brick trowel 209 Bridge auger 26 Bucket yoke 75 Buck rake 165 Building bracket 202 Bull nose-chain 233 treadmill 81 Cable hay stacker 176 California hay ricker 176 Calipers 43 Caliper rule 14 Canning outfit 229 Carpenter's bench 17 trestle 17 Cart, two-wheel 191 Centrifugal pumps 105 Chain, logging 50 Chisels and gouges 28 Circular saw, filing 69 jointing 68 setting 68 Clearing land by tractor 146 Clevises, plow 58 Clod crusher 155 Clothes line reel box, concrete 228 Clothes line tightener 230 Cold-chisel 37 Colt-breaking sulkey 192 Compasses 18 Concrete center alley for hog house 209 farm scale base and pit 196 hog wallow 209 wall mold 210 Conveniences, miscellaneous farm 194 Conveyances, farm 179 Corn crib, double 201 two-story 194 Corn cultivator 142 planter 158 shock horse 208 Cotter pin tool 44 Coulter clamp 54 Countersink 41 Cow stanchion 234 Crop machinery, special 161 Crops, kind of, to irrigate 118 Crowbars 46 Cultivator, combination 143 corn 142 Cutting nippers 46 Derrick fork 168 Dies and taps 55 Diggers, potato 205 Disk harrow 152 plow 137 Dog churn 79 power 80 Draw-filing 62 Drawing-knife 22 Drill, grain 160 power post 38 Drill-press 39 electric 40 Driven machines 100 Dumbwaiter 229 Economy of plowing by tractor 146 Electricity on the farm 121, 127 Electric lighting 123 Electric power plant 122 towel 231 Elevating machinery 133 Elevator, grain 134 Emery grinders 31 Engine and truck, portable 94 Engine, gasoline 91 kerosene 92 steam 90 Eveners for three- and four-horse teams 139 Extension boring bits 26 Farm conveniences 194 conveyances 179 office 194 shop and implement house 9 shop work 50 tractor 97 waterworks 89, 100 Feed crusher 131 Feeding racks 217 Fence-making tools 205, 206 Fence pliers 207 File handle 36 Files and rasps 36 Filing hand saw 56 roll 63 Flail 75 Fore-plane 27 Forge 32 Forges, portable 32 Forging iron and steel 59 Fruit picking 212 ladders 215 tray 213 Fruit-thinning nippers 214 Gambrel whiffletree 173 Garage 10 Garden weeder 54 Gas, acetylene 129 Gasoline engine 91 house lightning 128 Gate, sliding field 205 Gatepost with copper mailbox 227 Gauge, double-marking 22 Generating mechanical power 74 Goat stall 230 Grain drill 160 elevator 134 elevator, portable 135 Grass hook 163 Grindstone 28 Hacksaw 45 Hammers, blacksmith 61 machinist's 42 Hand axe 23 Hand saw 19, 65 filing 66 jointing 65 setting 65 using 67 Handspike 24 Hardy 43 Harness punch 211 Harrow cart 154 disk 152 sled 141 spike-tooth 141 Harvesting by tractor 146 Hay carrier carriage 172 Hay crop, handling 163 Hay derricks, Idaho 171 Western 169 Hayford, double harpoon 169 grapple 170 hitch 173 hood 197 Hayrake, revolving 163 Hay ricker, California 176 Hay rope pulleys 174 Hay skids 167 Hay sling 167 Hay stacker, cable 176 Haystack knife 168 Hay-tedder 165 Hay-track roof extension 197 Hoe, how to sharpen 70 wheel 162 Hoes and weeders 204 Hog catching hook 232 Hog feeder, automatic 219 trough 221 trough, reinforced 222 wallow, concrete 209 Hoist, oldest farm 133 Hoists 78 Home repair work, profitable 50 Horse clippers 231 Horse feeding rack 218 Horsepower 86 House plumbing 234 Husking-pin 208 Hydraulic ram 95 Idaho hay derricks 171 Implement shed 10 shed and work shop 12 Iron, forging 59 Irons for neckyoke and whiffletree 51 Iron roller 157 Iron working tools 42 Irrigation 112 by pumping 112 overhead spray 116 Jointer, carpenter's 27 Jointer plows 144 Jointing hand saw 65 Kerosene engine 92 Keyhole saw 20 Knife, asparagus 205 corn cutting 205 haystack 168 Knots 212 Lag screw 57 Land float 156 Level, carpenter's 24 iron stock 25 Lighting, gasoline 128 Linchpin farm wagons 185 Link, cold-shut 43 plow 58 Loading chute for hogs 235 Logging chain 50 Machines, driven 100 Machinist's hammers 42 vise 47 Manure carriers 233 Marline spike 212 Measuring mechanical work 14 Mechanical power, generating 74 Mechanics of plowing 138 Melting ladle 73 Monkey-wrench 19 Mule pump 84 Nail hammers 21 Nail set 37 Office, farm 194 Oilstone 15 Overhead spray irrigation 116 Oxen 181 Paint brushes 212 Pea guard 168 Picking fruit 212 Pig-pen, sanitary 210 Pincers 44 Pipe cutter 48 Pipe-fitting tools 46 Pipe vise 47 wrench 48 Plastering trowel 209 Pliers 18 Plow, heavy-breaking 224 riding 140 walking 138 Plowing by tractor 145 importance of 137 mechanics of 138 Plows, jointer 144 Scotch 143 Plumb-bob and plumb-line 206 Plumbing, house 234 Pod-bit 25 Portable farm engine 94 Post-hole diggers 204 Poultry feeding trough 222 Power conveyor 121 Power, generating mechanical 75 Power post drill 38 Power transmission 120 Pulverizers 155 Pump, air pressure 107 centrifugal 105 mule 84 jack 109 jacks and speed jacks 111 rotary 103 suction 101 Punches 37 Quantity of water to use in irrigation 118 Racks, feeding 217 sheep feeding 219 Rafter grapple 173 Rasp 35 Rasps and files 36 Ratchet-brace 40 Refrigeration 123 Reservoir for supplying water to farm buildings 120 Revolving hayrake 163 Riding plow 140 Ripsaw 21 Rivets 53 Rivet set 54 Road drag, split-log 220