TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT
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five or six bushels per acre, may give us an increase of fifteen or twenty bushels per acre. That is to say, owing to the dry weather in the autumn, followed by severe weather in the
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ld be less loss of nitrogen. The loss of nitrogen in 1863, was about twenty-four pounds per acre, and in 1879 fifty pounds per acre--the amount of available
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In the summer-fallow experiments, which have now been continued for twenty-seven years, there has been a great loss of nitrogen. The same remarks apply to this case. No one ever advo
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guano he will probably double his crops. His grass lands will carry twenty cows instead of ten, and if he raises the corn-fodder and roots, he can probably keep thirty cows better th
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e rich for other plants.” “That extract,” said I, “carries one back twenty-five years. We used to have article after article in this strain. We were told that ‘always taking meal out
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year. On the plot that receives no manure of any kind, the crop, for twenty years, averaged 16¼ bushels per acre. It is plowed twice every year, and the wheat is hand-hoed in the spri
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t cleared of the original forest, or than they were ten, fifteen, or twenty years later. In other words, the plants and animals that have been sold from the farm, have carried off a c
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invaluable store in April, May, and June, capable of supplying from twenty to forty bushels of ashes per acre, according to the care and industry of the collector, to drill with the
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r of spreading it in the one case than in the other, and, after all, twenty tons of this poor manure would not produce as good an effect the first season as ten tons of the richer man
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ure. When got all together, it made a heap seven or eight feet wide, twenty feet long, and three or four feet high. We then laid planks on the heap, and every day, as the pig-pens, co
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nded any one to pile their manure where it would receive from ten to twenty times as much water as would fall on the surface of the heap.” “But you do recommend piling manure and fer
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enses of his farm of 81½ acres. The farm cost $130 per acre. He kept twenty cows, and fatted one for beef. The receipts were as follows: Twenty cows yielding 8,337 lbs. of cheese,
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d see the farms hereabouts, and talk with our farmers.” Of course I went, and had a capital time. Mr. Geddes has a magnificent farm of about 400 acres, some four miles from Syracuse
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our wheat last year, and could see to the very drill mark how far it went. I would like to take your order for a ton. I am sure it would pay.” “We are making manure cheaper than you
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armer, but with little faith in chemical manures, paid me a visit. We went to the experimental wheat-field. The first two plots, 0 and 1, had been dressed, the one with superphosphate
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” ” ” ” 200 ” ” 36¼ ” ” The _twentieth_ season (1862-3), gave 17¼ bushels on the unmanured plot, and 44 bushels per acre on the manured plot.
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and not an agreeable one, to the passers by. He put the mixture on a twenty-acre field of wheat, and he said he was going to beat you.” “Yes,” said I, “so I understood--but he did no
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with different manures on barley grown annually on the same land for twenty years in succession. The experiments commenced in 1852. The soil is of the same general character as that
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ithout any manure, and you have selected the worst year of the whole twenty.” “Perhaps so,” said the Squire, “but we have got to take the bad with the good, and I have often heard yo
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intending to sell them in the spring.” “What did they cost you?” “I went into Wyoming and Cattaraugus Counties, and picked them up among the dairy farmers, and selected a very fair
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shels of wheat per acre, there is no difficulty in making it produce twenty bushels; and so of potatoes. If the land be dry and well cultivated, and, barring the bugs, produces withou
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not seem,” said the Deacon, “to have been deficient in anything. The twentieth crop, on the continuously unmanured plot was nearly 1¼ ton per acre, the first cutting, and nearly ¾-ton
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is a light, sandy loam. It has been under cultivation for upwards of twenty years, and so far as I can ascertain has never been manured. It has been somewhat impoverished by the growt
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marked effect_. This manure was applied in the hill on one plot (the twentieth of an acre,) at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre, and the plants on this plot came up first, and outgrew al
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te from the superphosphate. CHAPTER XXXVIII. SPECIAL MANURES. Twenty five to thirty years ago, much was said in regard to special manures. Fertilizers were prepared for the dif
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of Peruvian guano of to-day, with Peruvian guano brought to England twenty-nine or thirty years ago. I saw at Rothamsted thirty years ago a bag of guano that contained 22 per cent of
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ossessed a very considerable estate, consisting of light land, about twenty years ago purchased a large property adjoining it at a very high price. These were days when farmers were f
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oining field, where wheat and fallow have been grown alternately for twenty-seven years. The liberation of nitric acid, during the year of rest, produced for a time a large growth of
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ardeners, may be stated at ninety (90) tubs, and from two hundred to twenty hundred pounds of fertilizer in addition, according to its strength, and the kind of crop. The following r
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etrich, near Philadelphia, Pa. On the farm of fifteen acres, which twenty years ago could not maintain one horse and two cows, there are now kept twenty-seven dairy cattle, in a
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, etc. |Acre by Manure.| | | P
--------------+----+----+----+----+---------------+ | | l
Dressed corn. | | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | | | | TP | | | t
Qty.[5] |Wt/Bu| OC | TC | S&C| TP | C | S&C | C&S| OCD |C100| s
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.| lbs| lbs.|lbs.| | |
32 0 |56.5 |159 |1967|3977|5944| 526| 1265|1791|10.9 |49.5| 0
26 1¼ |54.8 |248 |1689|3699|5388| 248| 987|1235|17.3 |45.7| 1
32 0 |56.8 |151 |1967|3915|5882| 526| 1203|1729| 8.9 |50.2| 2
23 0¾ |56.5 |131 |1441|2712|4153| .. | .. | .. | 8.7 |53.1| 3
29 2½ |58.0 |161 |1879|3663|5542| 438| 951|1389| 9.4 |51.3| 4
22 2¼ |57.5 |134 |1431|2684|4115| -10| -28| -38|10.1 |53.3|1}5
26 3¾ |57.3 |190 |1732|3599|5331| 291| 887|1178|14.2 |48.1|2}
28 2¾ |57.8 |214 |1871|3644|5515| 430| 932|1362|14.1 |57.3| 6
26 2¾ |57.0 |161 |1682|3243|4925| 241| 531| 772|11.3 |51.9| 7
27 0½ |56.3 |164 |1716|3663|5379| 275| 951|1226|14.0 |46.9| 8
33 1½ |58.3 |187 |2131|4058|6189| 690| 1346|2036|10.2 |52.5| 9
31 3¼ |56.3 |191 |1980|4266|6216| 539| 1554|2093|12.3 |46.4| 10
30 3 |56.0 |158 |1880|4101|5981| 439| 1392|1831|11.3 |45.8| 11
28 2¼ |55.8 |264 |1842|4134|5976| 401| 1422|1823|17.8 |44.5| 12
25 0 |56.3 |152 |1558|3355|4913| 117| 643| 760|12.0 |46.4| 13
27 1 |57.5 |176 |1743|3696|5439| 302| 981|1286|16.2 |47.1| 14
32 3¾ |57.3 |209 |2103|4044|6147| 662| 1332|1994|11.8 |52.0| 15
32 2¼ |56.3 |182 |2028|4191|6219| 587| 1479|2066|11.1 |48.4| 16
32 0¾ |55.8 |299 |2093|3826|5919| 652| 1114|1766|15.2 |54.7| 17
33 1¼ |56.5 |180 |2948|3819|3867| 607| 1107|1714|11.2 |53.6| 18
34 3 |57.0 |133 |2114|4215|6329| 673| 1503|2176| 9.1 |50.2| 19
24 2¾ |56.0 |113 |1495|3104|4599| 54| 392| 446| 9.7 |48.2| 20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----
[Note 1: The silicate of potass was manufactured at a glass-house,
by fusing equal parts of pearl-ash and sand. The product was a
transparent glass, slightly deliquescent in the air; it was ground
to powder under edge-stones.]
[Note 2: The manures termed superphosphate of lime and phosphate
of potass, were made by acting upon bone-ash by means of sulphuric
acid, and in the case of the potass salt neutralizing the compound
thus obtained, by means of pearl-ash. For the superphosphate of lime,
the proportions were, 5 parts bone-ash, 3 parts water, and 3 parts
sulphuric acid of sp. gr. 1.84; and for the phosphate of potass,
4 parts bone ash, water as needed, 3 parts sulphuric acid of sp. gr.
1.84; and an equivalent amount of pearl-ash. The mixtures, of course,
lost weight considerably by the evolution of water and carbonic acid.]
[Note 3: The medicinal carbonate of ammonia; it was dissolved in
water and top-dressed.]
[Note 4: Plot 5, was 2 lands wide (in after years, respectively,
5_a_ and 5_b_); 5.1 consisting of 2 alternate one-fourth lengths
across both lands, and 5.2 of the 2 remaining one-fourth lengths.]
[Note 5: Top-dressed at once.]
[Note 6: Top-dressed at 4 intervals.]
[Note 7: Peruvian.]
[Note 8: Ichaboe.]
The season of 1845 was more favorable for wheat, than that of 1844, and
the crops on all the plots were better. On plot No. 3, which had no
manure last year, or this, the yield is 23 bushels per acre, against 15
bushels last year.
Last year, the 14 tons of barn-yard manure gave an _increase_ of only 5¼
bushels per acre. This year it gives an increase of nearly 9 bushels per
acre.
“Do you mean,” said the Deacon, “that this plot, No. 2, had 14 tons of
manure in 1844, and 14 tons of manure again in 1845?”
“Precisely that, Deacon,” said I, “and this same plot has received this
amount of manure every year since, up to the present time--for these
same experiments are still continued from year to year at Rothamsted.”
“It is poor farming,” said the Deacon, “and I should think the land
would get too rich to grow wheat.”
“It is not so,” said I, “and the fact is an interesting one, and teaches
a most important lesson, of which, more hereafter.”
Plot 5, last year, received 700 lbs. of superphosphate per acre. This
year, this plot was divided; one half was left without manure, and the
other dressed with 252 lbs. of pure carbonate of ammonia per acre. The
half without manure, (5a), did not produce quite as much grain and straw
as the plot which had received no manure for two years in succession.
But the wheat was of better quality, weighing 1 lb. more per bushel than
the other. Still it is sufficiently evident that superphosphate of lime
did no good so far as increasing the growth was concerned, either the
first year it was applied, or the year following.
The carbonate of ammonia was dissolved in water and sprinkled over the
growing wheat at three different times during the spring. You see this
manure, which contains no _mineral_ matter at all, gives an increase of
nearly 4 bushels of grain per acre, and an increase of 887 lbs. of
straw.
“Wait a moment,” said the Deacon, “is not 887 lbs. of straw to 4 bushels
of grain an unusually large proportion of straw to grain? I have heard
you say that 100 lbs. of straw to each bushel of wheat is about the
average. And according to this experiment, the carbonate of ammonia
produced over 200 lbs. of straw to a bushel of grain. How do you account
for this.”
“It is a general rule,” said I, “that the heavier the crop, the greater
is the proportion of straw to grain. On the no-manure plot, we have,
this year, 118 lbs. of straw to a bushel of dressed grain. Taking this
as the standard, you will find that the _increase_ from manures is
proportionally greater in straw than in grain. Thus in the increase of
barn-yard manure, this year, we have about 133 lbs. of straw to a bushel
of grain. I do not believe there is any manure that will give us a large
crop of grain without a still larger crop of straw. There is
considerable difference, in this respect, between different varieties of
wheat. Still, I like to see a good growth of straw.”
“It is curious,” said the Doctor, “that 3 cwt. of ammonia-salts alone on
plots 9 and 10 should produce as much wheat as was obtained from plot 2,
where 14 tons of barn-yard manure had been applied two years in
succession. I notice that on one plot, the ammonia-salts were applied at
once, in the spring, while on the other plot they were sown at four
different times--and that the former gave the best results.”
The only conclusion to be drawn from this, is, that it is desirable to
apply the manure _early_ in the spring--or better still, in the autumn.
“You are a great advocate of Peruvian guano,” said the Deacon, “and yet
3 cwt. of Peruvian guano on Plot 13, only produced an increase of two
bushels and 643 lbs. of straw per acre. The guano at $60 per ton, would
cost $9.00 per acre. This will not pay.”
This is an unusually small increase. The reason, probably, is to be
found in the fact that the manure and seed were not sown until March,
instead of in the autumn. The salts of ammonia are quite soluble and act
quickly; while the Peruvian guano has to decompose in the soil, and
consequently needs to be applied earlier, especially on clay land.
“I do not want you,” said the Deacon, “to dodge the question why an
application of 14 tons of farmyard-manure per acre, every year for over
thirty years, does not make the land too rich for wheat.”
“Possibly,” said I, “on light, sandy soil, such an annual dressing of
manure _would_ in the course of a few years make the land too rich for
wheat. But on a clayey soil, such is evidently not the case. And the
fact is a very important one. When we apply manure, our object should be
to make it as available as possible. Nature preserves or conserves the
food of plants. The object of agriculture is to use the food of plants
for our own advantage.”
“Please be a little more definite,” said the Deacon, “for I must confess
I do not quite see the significance of your remarks.”
“What he means,” said the Doctor, “is this: If you put a quantity of
soluble and available manure on land, and do not sow any crop, the
manure will not be wasted. The soil will retain it. It will change it
from a soluble into a comparatively insoluble form. Had a crop been sown
the first year, the manure would do far more good than it will the next
year, and yet it may be that none of the manure is lost. It is merely
locked up in the soil in such a form as will prevent it from running to
waste. If it was not for this principle, our lands would have been long
ago exhausted of all their available plant-food.”
“I think I understand,” said the Deacon; “but if what you say is true,
it upsets many of our old notions. We have thought it desirable to plow
under manure, in order to prevent the ammonia from escaping. You claim,
I believe, that there is little danger of any loss from spreading manure
on the surface, and I suppose you would have us conclude that we make a
mistake in plowing it under, as the soil renders it insoluble.”
“It depends a good deal,” said I, “on the character of the soil.
A light, sandy soil will not preserve manure like a clay soil. But it is
undoubtedly true that our aim in all cases should be to apply manure in
such a form and to such a crop as will give us the greatest _immediate_
benefit. Plowing under fresh manure every year for wheat is evidently
not the best way to get the greatest benefit from it. But this is not
the place to discuss this matter. Let us look at the result of Mr.
Lawes’ experiments on wheat the third year:”
Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year,
on the Same Land.
Table III.--Manures and Produce; 3rd Season, 1845-6. Manures and Seed
(Old Red Lammas), Sown Autumn, 1845.
Manures
FM Farmyard Manure.
A3W Ash from 3 loads (3,888 lbs.) Wheat-straw.
LWM Liebig’s Wheat-manure.
PG Peruvian Guano.
SPL Superphosphate of Lime.
SiP Silicate of Potass.[1]
P-A Pearl-ash.
S-A Soda-ash.
MLS Magnesian Lime-stone.
B-A Bone-ash.
SAc Sulphuric Acid (Sp. gr. 1-7.)
MAc Muriatic Acid.
SAm Sulphate of Ammonia.
MAm Muriate of Ammonia.
RC Rape-Cake.
-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Manures per Acre. |
P +-----+-----+---+---+-----------+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
l | | | | | | | | | | | | |
o | | | | | SPL | | | | | | | |
t | | | | +-----------+ | | | | | | |
s | FM | A3W |LWM|PG |SiP|P-A|S-A|MLS|B-A|SAc|MAc| SAm |MAm|RC |
-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
|Tons.|lbs. |lbs|lbs|bs.|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs. |lbs|lbs|
0 | .. | .. | ..|336| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
1 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
2 | 14 | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
3 |Unmanured. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
4 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
5a{1| ..}| |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
{2| ..}|Straw|{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224[1]| ..| ..|
5b{1| ..}| Ash |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
{2| ..}| |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224[1]| ..|448|
6a | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
6b | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 112 |112| ..|
7a | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
7b | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 112 |112|448|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
8a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
8b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| 112 |112| ..|
9a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
9b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 224 | ..|448|
10a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 224 | ..| ..|
10b |Unmanured. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
11a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
11b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
12a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..|180| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
12b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..|180| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
13a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..|200| ..| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
13b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..|200| ..| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
14a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
14b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 84|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
15a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..|448|
15b | .. | .. | ..| ..|224| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..|448|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
16a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
16b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 224 | ..|448|
17a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 112 | 11|448|
17b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 224 | ..| ..|
18a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 112 | 11| ..|
18b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
19 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|112| ..|112| 112 | ..|448|
20 }| | | | | | | |
21 }| Mixture of the residue of | ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
22 }| most of the other manures. | | | | | | |
-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
Produce:
Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel.
OC Offal Corn.
TC Total Corn.
S&C Straw and Chaff.
TP Total Produce (Corn and Straw).
C Corn.
TP Total Produce.
OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed.
C100 Corn to 100 Straw.
----------------------------------+------------------+-----+-----+----
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, etc. | Acre by Manure. | | | P
--------------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+ | | l
Dressed Corn.| | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | | | | | | | t
Qty. |Wt/Bu| OC | TC |S&C | TP | C | S&C | TP | OCD |C100 | s
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs. | lbs. | | |
28 1¾ |62.3 |134 |1906|2561|4467| 699 |1048 | 1747 | 7.3 |74.4 | 0
22 0¾ |62.6 |120 |1509|1953|3462| 302 | 440 | 742 | 8.1 |77.3 | 1
27 0¾ |63.0 |113 |1826|2454|4280| 619 | 941 | 1560 | 6.6 |74.4 | 2
17 3¾ |63.8 | 64 |1207|1513|2720| .. | .. | .. | 7.4 |79.7 | 3
| | | | | | | | | | |
25 3¾ |63.5 |130 |1777|2390|4167| 570 | 877 | 1447 | 7.8 |74.3 | 4
| | | | | | | | | | |
19 0½ |63.7 | 87 |1305|1541|2846| 98 | 28 | 126 | .. |84.6 |1}5a
27 0 |63.0 |126 |1827|2309|4136| 620 | 796 | 1416 | .. |79.1 |2}
23 2½ |63.4 |100 |1598|1721|3319| 391 | 208 | 599 | .. |92.8 |1}5b
30 0¾ |63.3 |165 |2076|2901|4977| 869 |1388 | 2257 | .. |71.6 |2}
20 1½ |63.7 |102 |1400|1676|3076| 193 | 163 | 356 | 7.0 |83.6 | 6a
29 0¾ |63.5 |114 |1967|2571|4538| 760 |1058 | 1818 | 5.3 |76.5 | 6b
22 3¼ |63.0 | 97 |1534|1968|3502| 327 | 405 | 732 | 6.8 |77.9 | 7a
31 3 |63.4 |150 |2163|3007|5170| 956 |1494 | 2450 | 7.5 |72.6 | 7b
| | | | | | | | | | |
22 3¾ |63.5 |101 |1549|1963|3512| 342 | 450 | 792 | 7.1 |78.9 | 8a
29 0¾ |63.6 |132 |1988|2575|4563| 781 |1062 | 1843 | 7.2 |77.2 | 8b
23 2¾ |63.0 |122 |1614|2033|3647| 407 | 520 | 927 | 7.9 |79.4 | 9a
28 3½ |63.3 |114 |1942|2603|4545| 735 |1090 | 1825 | 7.0 |74.6 | 9b
27 1½ |63.6 |109 |1850|2244|4094 643 | 731 | 1374 | 6.4 |82.4 | 10a
17 2½ |63.8 | 92 |1216|1455|2671| 9 | -58 | -49 | 7.8 |83.6 | 10b
| | | | | | | | | | |
23 1¾ |63.3 |145 |1628|2133|3761| 421 | 620 | 1041 | 9.8 |76.3 | 11a
30 0¼ |63.2 |155 |2055|2715|4770| 848 |1202 | 2050 | 6.1 |75.7 | 11b
24 1½ |63.0 |125 |1661|2163|3824| 454 | 650 | 1104 | 7.9 |76.8 | 12a
28 2¾ |63.4 |136 |1955|2554|4509| 748 |1041 | 1789 | 7.4 |76.5 | 12b
24 0 |63.5 |136 |1660|2327|3987| 453 | 814 | 1267 | 9.1 |71.3 | 13a
29 1¾ |63.2 |138 |1998|2755|4753| 791 |1242 | 2033 | 7.3 |72.5 | 13b
23 2½ |63.0 |117 |1605|2031|3636| 398 | 518 | 916 | 7.7 |79.0 | 14a
26 2½ |63.4 |124 |1812|2534|4356| 605 |1021 | 1626 | 7.4 |71.5 | 14b
| | | | | | | | | | |
31 1¾ |62.5 |147 |2112|2936|5048| 905 |1423 | 2328 | 7.5 |71.9 | 15a
27 2¾ |63.0 |117 |1861|2513|4374| 654 |1000 | 1654 | 5.9 |74.0 | 15b
| | | | | | | | | | |
23 3 |62.5 |108 |1592|2967|3659| 385 | 554 | 939 | 7.0 |77.0 | 16a
30 1 |62.7 |122 |2019|2836|4855| 812 |1323 | 2135 | 6.6 |71.2 | 16b
33 2¾ |62.8 |129 |2241|3278|5519|1034 |1765 | 2799 | 5.8 |68.3 | 17a
30 2 |63.0 |113 |2034|2784|4818| 827 |1271 | 2098 | 5.9 |73.0 | 17b
31 0 |62.8 |103 |2048|2838|4886| 841 |1325 | 2166 | 5.1 |72.2 | 18a
21 1 |62.0 |157 |1474|1893|3367| 267 | 380 | 647 | 6.6 |77.1 | 18b
| | | | | | | | | | |
28 3 |62.0 |107 |1889|2425|4314| 682 | 912 | 1594 | 5.8 |77.9 | 19
| | | | | | | | | | |{20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |{21
| | | | | | | | | | |{22
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----
[Note 1: Top-dressed in the Spring.]
This year, the seed and manures were sown in the autumn. And I want the
Deacon to look at plot 0. 3 cwt. of Peruvian guano here gives an
increase of 10½ bushels of wheat, and 1,948 lbs. of straw per acre. This
will pay _well_, even on the wheat alone. But in addition to this, we
may expect, in our ordinary rotation of crops, a far better crop of
clover where the guano was used.
In regard to some of the results this year, Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert
have the following concise and interesting remarks:
“At this third experimental harvest, we have on the continuously
unmanured plot, namely, No. 3, not quite 18 bushels of dressed corn, as
the normal produce of the season; and by its side we have on plot
10_b_--comprising one-half of the plot 10 of the previous years, and so
highly manured by ammoniacal salts in 1845, but now unmanured--rather
more than 17½ bushels. The near approach, again, to identity of result
from the two unmanured plots, at once gives confidence in the accuracy
SOURCES & PROVENANCE
1 listed
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PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK
Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject
primary
Full text in the local archive
Bibliographic record from the archive catalogue.