TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT
TEXT
SEARCH INSIDE THIS BOOK
51 pages
Results for SAME. Open a page to see the matches highlighted.
Page 1 6 matches
o the American Farmer.-- The growth of Wheat Year after Year on the same Land, unmanured, with Farm-yard Manure, and with various Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers.
Page 2 4 matches
immediately active and available. It is unquestionably true, that the same amount of nitrogen in barn-yard manure, will not produce so great an effect as its theoretical value would in
Page 3 4 matches
for twenty-seven years, there has been a great loss of nitrogen. The same remarks apply to this case. No one ever advocates summer-fallowing land every other year, and sowing nothing
Page 4 4 matches
d grass, root, stem, and branch, all are composed or made up of these same dozen elements. If I ask you what bread is made of, you say it is composed of the dozen elements aforesaid. I
Page 5 2 matches
refreshes the plants, and fills the leaves with sap, precisely in the same way. All these fertilizing effects, however, belong to climate. It is inaccurate to associate either mulching
Page 6 7 matches
and on the other. This will give you some good, rich muck, and at the same time drain your swamp. Then cut some _under-drains_ from _y_ towards the higher land at _w_, _v_, and _h_, an
Page 7 4 matches
om the soil. In this way the “condition” of the soil would remain the same. If we sell _less_ than we develop, the condition of the soil will improve. By “condition,” I mean the amoun
Page 8 3 matches
ed at the breweries with the “grains,” and are sold to milkmen at the same price--from 12 to 15 cents per bushel. Where their value is not known, they can, doubtless, be sometimes obta
Page 9 10 matches
enting in an exposed heap for six months, it still contains about the same _percentage_ of water. When kept in the heap until August, the percentage of water is much greater. Of four t
Page 10 3 matches
gen, and 30¾ lbs. of soluble mineral matter. If they buy a ton of the same manure that has been kept under cover until February, they get, nitrogen, 15 lbs.; soluble minerals, 42½ lbs.
Page 11 2 matches
, and the manure becomes rapidly deteriorated in value, whilst at the same time it is diminished in weight. “21. Well-rotten dung is more readily affected by the deteriorating influen
Page 12 3 matches
garden, more than two loads of the straw and corn manure. To get the same amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, you have to spend more than twice the labor in cleaning out
Page 13 2 matches
imes, when comparatively dry, we use the refuse sheep bedding for the same purpose. Where the sheep barn is contiguous to the pig-pens, and when the sheep bedding can be thrown at once
Page 14 8 matches
iately available. It makes it more soluble. We ferment manure for the same reason that we decompose bone-dust or mineral phosphates with sulphuric acid, and convert them into superphos
Page 15 4 matches
nd in the manure.” How to keep cows tied up in the barn, and at the same time save all the urine, is one of the most difficult problems I have to deal with in the management of manur
Page 16 1 match
nd supporting 20 cows, would give us a gross return of $1,204.50. The same farm so improved as to produce 2¼ tons of hay or its equivalent, per acre--fed to 20 cows _capable of eating,
Page 17 1 match
this, his land has been growing richer and richer. And, in fact, the same is true of Mr. Geddes’ farm. It is richer land to-day than when first plowed, while there is one field that f
Page 18 9 matches
80.4 ” ” ” ” Fresh solid cow-dung contains, according to the same authority, 90 per cent of water. I have frequently seen manure drawn out in the spring, that had not been de
Page 19 2 matches
arch, April, May, and June, than wheat; and, consequently, to get the same amount of food, it is not necessary that the clover should have as much nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, et
Page 20 7 matches
es of wheat, and as much potash as the produce from five acres of the same crop. Clover thus unquestionably removes from the land very much more mineral matter than does wheat; wheat,
Page 21 2 matches
s, containing 61 lbs. of nitrogen; that is, there was very nearly the same quantity of roots and nitrogen in them, as that furnished in the soil from the brow of the hill. “The roots,
Page 22 4 matches
f nitrogen per acre, that is, considerably more than was found in the same section of the soil where the clover was mown twice for hay; showing plainly, that during the ripening of the
Page 23 3 matches
cre, and contained 100 lbs. of nitrogen. A few yards distance, on the same soil, where the clover was bad, the acre of roots contained only 31 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. So far, so go
Page 24 3 matches
ments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year, on the Same Land. Table 1.--Manures And Produce; 1st Season, 1843-4. Manures and Seed (Old Red Lammas) Sown Autumn 1
Page 25 3 matches
f manure again in 1845?” “Precisely that, Deacon,” said I, “and this same plot has received this amount of manure every year since, up to the present time--for these same experiments
Page 26 4 matches
of corn and 789 lbs. of straw, which was the increase obtained by the same amount of ammoniacal salt on 10_a_, as compared with 10_b_. “It will be observed, however, that in the forme
Page 27 3 matches
monia-salts alone on plot 10_a_, gave 19¼ bushels per acre, while the same quantity of ammonia, with superphosphate in addition, gave, on plot 9_b_, 25 bushels per acre. The addition
Page 28 9 matches
--“What have you here?” --“Ammonia,” said I; and at 6_b_ he asked the same question, and I replied “ammonia.” At 7_a_, the same question and the same answer. Standing between 7_b_ and
Page 29 6 matches
that the next year and the year after, the salt _was_ applied at the same time as the other manures. It gave an increase of 94 lbs. of grain and 61 lbs. of straw in 1851, but the foll
Page 30 2 matches
uite 29 bushels per acre, and only weighed 55 lbs. per bushel. On the same plot, the year before, with precisely the same manure, the yield was nearly 37 bushels per acre, and the weig
Page 31 3 matches
e consider that this is the twentieth wheat-crop in succession on the same land, these figures are certainly remarkable. “They are so,” said the Deacon, “and what to me is the most su
Page 32 6 matches
king them together in a bottle, and allowing the soil to subside, the same result was obtained. The action, therefore, was in no way referable to any physical law brought into operatio
Page 33 13 matches
s in the spring assumed a rich, dark green color. I have observed the same effect where coal-ashes were spread on grass-land; and I have thought that the apparent benefit was due large
Page 34 3 matches
shes Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Tabl
Page 35 1 match
rs.] Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Tabl
Page 36 6 matches
traw. “That will do,” said the Deacon, “but I see that in 1857, this same plot, with the same manure, produced 66½ bushels of dressed grain per acre, weighing 53½ lbs. to the bushel,
Page 37 3 matches
nips does not enrich land for grain crops. Turnips were grown on the same land, year after year, for ten years. The land was then plowed and sown to barley for three years. The follow
Page 38 8 matches
them. In 1857, I made the following experiments on potatoes, in the same field on which the preceding experiment was made in 1852. In this case, as before, the land was a two-year-o
Page 39 2 matches
n autumn, has afforded a yield of about 70 bushels per acre, when the same amount applied in spring, gave only 50 bushels. A thin coating of manure applied to winter-wheat at the time
Page 40 10 matches
And such facts and experiments as we have, seem to indicate that the same is also true of Indian corn. It is, at any rate, reasonable to suppose that, as Indian corn belongs to the sa
Page 41 13 matches
Plot 10, with 400 lbs. of unleached wood-ashes per acre, produces the same quantity of _sound corn_, with an extra bushel of ‘nubbins’ per acre, as plot 1, without any manure at all; a
Page 42 9 matches
gave an increase of 14½ tons per acre. And the following year, on the same land, it gave an increase of 13½ tons; and the next year, on the same land, over 9 tons.” “Yes,” said I, “th
Page 43 6 matches
res did any good. Ellwanger & Barry also tried them, and reported the same negative result. This was several years ago, and I do not think any similar experiments have been made since.
Page 44 2 matches
e land_, $1.06. “A ton of the fresh fæces,” said the Deacon, “at the same estimate, would be worth (20 lbs. nitrogen, at 20 cents, $4; 21¾ lbs. phosphoric acid, at 12½ cents, $2.70),
Page 45 6 matches
ticle.” As to whether it is better, when you can buy nitrogen at the same price in nitrate of soda as you can in sulphate of ammonia, to use the one or the other will depend on circum
Page 46 9 matches
crop of wheat. And the experience of farmers everywhere tends in the same direction. England is the greatest turnip-growing country in the world, and you will find that where one farm
Page 47 8 matches
e, this was to be expected, and they had expected it much sooner. The same with wheat; he expected the end would come in a few years, but they had now gone on between 30 and 40 years.
Page 48 2 matches
y giving to it the food necessary to grow good grasses, sowing at the same time a small quantity of the best seeds. I further suggested that a flock of sheep should be allowed to run o
Page 49 4 matches
se in the fall for wheat, on land that has been cropped with oats the same year. The manure put on for potatoes is generally estimated to enrich the land sufficient for it to produce o
Page 53 1 match
ng for, 35-168 ” the 20th Crop on Same Land, 213 ” Top-dressing for, 270 ”
Page 54 2 matches
value.” “Suppose, Deacon,” said he _quotation marks as in original (same speaker)_ carbonaceous matter and water, of little or no value?” _text has question mark after close quote_
2 AA. | 315 |251 |329 |181 |233 |133 ‖ 134 |320 |118 |190 |133 |143
3 AA. | 318 |236 |334 |212 |290 |108 ‖|118 |265 |122 |138 |364 | 95
4 AA. | 246 |301 |273 |150 |176 |183 ‖|143 |285 |141 |179 |191 | 66
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 294 |273 |316 |187 |252 |140 | 121 |271 |123 |170 |246 |103
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | | | | | | | | | | | |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 C. | 170 |268 |178 |219 |173 |135 ‖ 103 |225 |120 |154 |154 | 85
2 C. | 164 |316 |238 |195 |161 |169 ‖ 148 |171 |156 |150 |128 |109
3 C. | 190 |296 |248 |183 |189 |156 ‖|105 |236 |115 |204 |190 | 71
4 C. | 144 |277 |227 |222 |205 |168 ‖|125 |350 |153 |204 |174 | 66
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 167 |304 |223 |205 |182 |157 | 120 |246 |136 |178 |161 | 83
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 N. |}(94){|283 ‖109 |128 |245 | 99 | 119 |205 |146 |225 |245 |120
2 N. |} {|228 ‖286 |224 |193 |151 ‖ 110 |235 |179 |190 |216 |114
| | | | | | | | | | | |
M. | | | ‖ 36 | 94 | 90 ‖ 84 | 85 | 75 | 78 |198 | 46
5 O. |(173) ‖ 68 |113 | 50 | 96 |101 ‖ 71 |110 | 73 | 73 |193 | 41
5 A. | 173 |210 |170 |126 |151 | 68 ‖ 154 |168 |193 |188 |210 | 81
| | | | | | | | | | | |
6 {1 | 120 |200 |144 |116 |152 | 72 | 84 |121 | 88 | 73 | 75 | 51
{2 | 118 |161 |119 | 73 |125 |105 | 81 |127 | 95 | 67 |194 | 65
| | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 101 |269 | 86 |109 |141 |134 | 121 |260 |147 |190 |208 | 66
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.
+---------------------------------------++---------------------++-----
| Harvests || Average Annual. ||
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| | | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd| Total ||
|1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten| Period ||Plots
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++-----
|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|| lbs.| lbs| lbs. ||
| 42 | 47 | 41 | 90 | 21 | 44 | 31 | 48 || 120| 48| 84 || 1 O.
| 69 | 38 | 21 | 53 | 29 | 89 | 18 | 33 || 96| 52| 74 || 2 O.
| 43 | 38 | 38 | 64 | 27 | 70 | 18 | 35 || 101| 46| 74 || 3 O.
| 41 | 28 | 55 | 60 | 25 | 69 | 26 | 48 || 104| 53| 78 || 4 O.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 49 | 38 | 39 | 67 | 25 | 68 | 23 | 41 || 105| 50| 78 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 99 | 58 | 94 |115 | 49 |139 | 23 |105 || 174| 107| 141 || 1 A.
| 63 | 84 | 64 | 76 | 38 |113 | 26 |189 || 174| 107| 141 || 2 A.
| 83 | 51 |106 | 94 | 34 | 95 | 24 | 89 || 173| 95| 134 || 3 A.
|110 | 60 | 63 | 71 | 50 | 21 | 27 |146 || 165| 78| 122 || 4 A.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 89 | 63 | 82 | 89 | 43 | 92 | 25 |132 || 171| 94| 133 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
|110 | 64 |148 |110 ‖ 46 | 64 | 33 |133 || 216| 111| 164 || 1 AA.
| 50 |113 |111 | 69 ‖ 46 | 89 | 24 |168 || 220| 95| 158 || 2 AA.
| 76 | 48 |103 |106 ‖ 59 |111 | 36 |133 || 214| 113| 164 || 3 AA.
| 46 | 76 |133 |119 ‖ 43 | 78 | 30 | 90 || 208| 87| 148 || 4 AA.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 71 | 75 |124 |101 | 48 | 86 | 31 |131 || 215| 102| 159 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
‖ 94 | 55 | 88 | 85 ‖ 49 |121 | 33 | 94 || {81| 74| 77} || 1 AAS.
‖ 53 | 86 | 96 | 66 ‖ 64 | 60 | 23 |153 || [1]{75| 75| 75}[1]|| 2 AAS.
‖ 70 | 50 |141 | 79 ‖ 39 |136 | 29 |130 || {85| 84| 85} || 3 AAS.
‖ 93 | 70 | 80 | 93 ‖ 46 |125 | 26 |175 || {84| 93| 89} || 4 AAS.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 77 | 65 |101 | 81 | 50 |111 | 28 |138 || 81| 82| 82 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 78 | 83 |104 |109 | 43 | 69 | 25 | 78 || 175| 83| 129 || 1 C.
| 92 | 44 | 89 | 89 | 64 |111 | 24 | 88 || 193| 84| 138 || 2 C.
| 90 | 66 | 94 | 91 | 39 | 91 | 37 |141 || 192| 91| 142 || 3 C.
|123 | 69 |128 | 72 | 42 | 67 | 28 |124 || 208| 89| 149 || 4 C.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 96 | 66 |104 | 90 | 47 | 85 | 28 |108 || 192| 87| 139 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 74 | 98 |124 |119 | 61 |150 | 33 | 99 || {173| 112| 141} || 1 N.
| 95 | 84 |104 | 88 | 35 | 98 | 33 |171 ||[2]{199| 104| 149}[2]|| 2 N.
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 58 | 69 | 44 | 56 | 26 | 61 | 25 | 58 || [3](77| 64| 69)[3]|| M.
| 78 | 35 | 48 | 56 | 20 | 75 | 23 | 41 || [4](84| 61| 72)[4]|| 5 O.
| 91 | 94 | 53 | 74 | 33 | 63 | 30 |144 || 160| 87| 124 || 5 A.
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 51 | 45 | 72 |103 | 27 | 71 | 26 | 50 || 117| 57| 87 ||1}
| 54 | 47 | 51 | 83 | 21 | 57 | 23 | 41 || 107| 64| 85 ||2}6
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
|117 | 56 |148 |111 | 48 |100 | 26 |171 || 156| 105| 130 || 7
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]
[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]
[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table V.--Straw (and chaff) per Acre--cwts.
[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Harvests
------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863|
------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| Cwts. |cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|
1 O. | 16⅝ | 18 | 21¾| 17⅝| 8¾| 12¾| 10⅞| 9⅛| 7½| 11 | 9¾| 11⅜|
2 O. | 16½ | 17⅛| 23¼| 17¾| 8¾| 15⅝| 14⅞| 12¼| 8⅞| 13¼| 12⅞| 15⅝|
3 O. | 16½ | 17¼| 20⅞| 17½| 9⅛| 15 ‖ 12 | 9¾| 8½| 11½| 10⅞| 13⅜|
4 O. | 19½ | 20½| 23⅛| 18 | 9⅜| 17⅛‖ 16 | 12¼| 9⅛| 15⅜| 13½| 15⅜|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 17¼ | 18¼| 22¼| 17⅝| 9 | 15⅛| 13½| 10⅝| 8⅝| 12¾| 11½| 13⅞|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+
1 A. | 22⅞ | 23¾| 30¼| 24⅛| 17⅛| 17¾| 15½| 11½| 14⅞| 19⅝| 20⅜| 21⅜|
2 A. | 26 | 25½| 40⅞| 29⅜| 21½| 26¾| 28¾| 24⅞| 25¼| 29¾| 32⅜| 34 |
3 A. | 23⅝ | 25⅛| 33¾| 27½| 17⅞| 21⅜‖ 17 | 13½| 16¼| 21½| 23¼| 26¼|
4 A. | 27⅞ | 26⅝| 40½| 31 | 21¼| 27⅞‖ 29 | 27¼| 26⅝| 30½| 31⅝| 32 |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 25⅛ | 25¼| 36⅜| 28 | 19½| 23½| 22⅛| 19¼| 20¾| 25⅜| 26¾| 28⅜|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 AA. | 26⅞ | 26⅛| 37⅞| 32⅛| 24½| 23½‖ 19⅛| 14½| 13½| 22 | 21¼| 25⅛|
2 AA. | 28⅜ | 28⅜| 44⅜| 38⅝| 31⅝| 32⅞‖ 32⅝| 26½| 24¼| 31⅝| 31½| 32½|
3 AA. | 26⅜ | 27¼| 37⅞| 34 | 26⅛| 26 ‖|22⅛| 16⅛| 18⅛| 24⅛| 24¾| 27⅞|
4 AA. | 28⅜ | 31⅝| 49 | 39⅞| 33 | 36¼‖|35¼| 30⅝| 29 | 33⅝| 33⅛| 34¾|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 27½ | 28⅜| 42¼| 36⅛| 28¾| 29⅝| 27½| 21⅞| 21¼| 27⅞| 27⅝| 30 |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 C. | 24⅝ | 26⅞| 43¼| 36⅛| 26 | 33⅛‖ 30¾| 26⅞| 17⅞| 27⅞| 26 | 28⅝|
2 C. | 23¾ | 25⅝| 44⅛| 36⅛| 31½| 33⅛‖ 33⅞| 28¾| 20⅝| 30⅜| 27¼| 30⅛|
3 C. | 21⅞ | 25¼| 41¼| 35⅞| 26½| 30⅞‖ 30¾| 25⅝| 20⅛| 30¾| 23⅞| 29⅞|
4 C. | 24⅛ | 27½| 42⅛| 37⅝| 30½| 33⅛‖ 35 | 29½| 22¾| 31 | 28⅞| 30¾|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 23½ | 26¼| 42¾| 36½| 28⅝| 32⅝| 32⅝| 27¾| 20⅜| 30 | 26½| 29⅞|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 N. |}(15¼){| 23⅛| 33⅜| 27 | 19⅝| 24⅝| 20⅛| 18¾| 16¾| 27¼| 24¼| 30¼|
2 N. |} {| 25⅜| 38¼| 33¼| 28¾| 32 ‖ 23⅝| 21¼| 18⅝| 29⅝| 24¾| 29⅞|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. | | | ‖ 15¼| 10⅝| 10⅜ ‖12⅜| 10⅞| 7¼| 15⅛| 14½| 19½|
5 O. | (25⅛) ‖ 15¾| 20¼| 14⅝| 10⅜| 13¼ ‖12½| 10½| 6⅞| 17½| 10½| 15¼|
5 A. | 25⅛ | 24 | 35¾| 31 | 22¾| 27⅝ ‖28⅝| 26⅛| 25½| 31⅞| 31⅝| 34 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
6{1 | 17⅛ | 16½| 22½| 18½| 9¼| 16⅛| 12 | 11¼| 7½| 9⅞| 10⅜| 13½|
{2 | 14⅛ | 15⅞| 20¾| 16¾| 9½| 14⅝| 11⅜| 10 | 7¾| 10 | 11⅝| 14⅜|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 18½ | 22¾| 37¼| 27½| 19¾| 23⅝| 31⅜| 28½| 25⅜| 31⅝| 34¼| 33⅛|
------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.
---------------------------------------++----------------------++------
Harvests || Average Annual. ||
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++
| | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd |Total ||
1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten |Period ||Plots
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|| cwts. | cwts.| cwts. ||
12¾| 8⅛| 9½| 10¼| 11⅝| 11 | 6⅝| 11 || 13⅜ | 10¼ |11¾ ||1 O.
15⅝| 9⅛| 12⅝| 12¼| 9⅜| 10⅜| 8 | 12¼|| 14⅞ | 11⅞ |13⅜ ||2 O.
13⅝| 9¾| 10¼| 10⅛| 8⅝| 11 | 8½| 11¼|| 13⅞ | 10¾ |12¼ ||3 O.
16¾| 10 | 12⅞| 12 | 10⅛| 12⅞| 9⅜| 14 || 16⅛ | 12⅝ |14⅜ ||4 O.
----+----+----+---------+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
14⅝| 9¼| 11¼| 11⅛| 9⅞| 11¼| 8⅛| 12⅛|| 14½ | 11⅜ |12⅞ ||Means
----+----+----+---------+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
20⅜| 13 | 15⅜| 17¼| 12¼| 18¼| 12½| 23⅛|| 19¾ | 17⅜ |18½ ||1 A.
32½| 21⅝| 28⅛| 28⅝| 19⅜| 32 | 17⅞| 28⅛|| 27⅞ | 27½ |27⅝ ||2 A.
19¼| 16 | 16¾| 19⅜| 14⅞| 20¾| 15 | 25⅜|| 21⅞ | 19¾ |20¾ ||3 A.
34⅞| 22½| 27⅜| 25½| 20⅞| 34⅜| 18⅝| 32½|| 28⅞ | 28 |28½ ||4 A.
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
26¾| 18¼| 21¾| 22⅝| 16¾| 26⅜| 16 | 27¼|| 24½ | 23⅛ |23¾ ||Means
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
23¼| 16 | 17¾| 17⅛‖ 14½| 21½| 17⅞| 26¾|| 24 | 20⅛ |22⅛ ||1 AA.
33⅛| 23 | 28⅛| 30⅞‖ 21⅞| 34⅞| 23¾| 32⅛|| 31⅞ | 29⅛ |30½ ||2 AA.
26⅞| 17 | 18⅛| 20¾‖ 16¼| 22¾| 20⅞| 25⅜|| 25¾ | 22¼ |24 ||3 AA.
37¼| 24⅞| 28¼| 28⅜‖ 25⅝| 38⅛| 18¼| 32⅝|| 34¾ | 30⅛ |32⅜ ||4 AA.
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
30⅛| 20¼| 23⅛| 24¼| 19⅝| 29¼| 20¼| 29¼|| 29 | 25⅜ |27¼ ||Means
+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
‖26⅛| 22⅜| 20⅝| 18½‖ 16⅞| 23¾| 17 | 29¾|| {21⅞| 21⅞ |21⅞} ||1 AAS.
‖33½| 23¼| 30¼| 29½‖ 25¼| 37⅛| 20⅛| 36⅛||[1]{29⅛| 29⅝ |29⅜}[1]||2 AAS.
‖30¼| 20⅜| 25 | 23⅜‖ 22 | 30⅝| 20½| 31⅛|| {24¾| 26⅛ |25⅜} ||3 AAS.
‖40¾| 25½| 29½| 28¼‖ 26⅝| 42½| 20¾| 38 || {31 | 32 |31½} ||4 AAS.
+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
32⅝| 22⅞| 26⅜| 24⅞| 22⅝| 33½| 19⅝| 33¾|| 26⅝ | 27⅜ |27 ||Means
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
26⅛| 21½| 24⅛| 25½| 19⅛| 27 | 17¼| 27½|| 29⅜ | 24¼ |26⅞ ||1 C.
31⅞| 21⅞| 24½| 25⅝| 19⅝| 33⅛| 17⅞| 27⅞|| 30⅞ | 26 |28⅜ ||2 C.
31 | 22 | 24⅜| 22¼| 10¾| 30½| 18⅜| 30⅞|| 28⅞ | 25¼ |27⅛ ||3 C.
34⅞| 22 | 27⅝| 24¼| 21⅛| 35⅛| 20⅜| 32 || 31¼ | 27¾ |29½ ||4 C.
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
31 | 21⅞| 25⅛| 24⅜| 19⅞| 31⅜| 18½| 29⅝|| 30⅛ | 25¾ |28 ||Means
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
24⅛| 18½| 21⅛| 21⅛| 18⅞| 24 | 13¼| 29¼||[2]{23⅜| 22½ |22⅞}[2]||1 N.
27¾| 21½| 23⅞| 21¾| 17⅛| 27⅝| 19⅛| 31½|| {27⅞| 24½ |26⅛} ||2 N.
| | | | | | | || | | ||
13⅞| 9⅜| 12⅜| 12 | 10⅛| 11⅝| 8⅞| 14¾||[3](11¾| 12¾ |12⅜)[3]|| M.
14⅞| 10¾| 10⅝| 10⅜| 8½| 15½| 4⅜| 13⅛||[4](13⅝| 11⅜ |12⅜)[4]||5 O.
33⅞| 24⅞| 28 | 22⅜| 20⅝| 36⅛| 21⅜| 29⅝|| 27⅞| 28¼ |28 ||5 A.
| | | | | | | || | | ||
13⅝| 8¾| 10½| 9⅜| 10½| 9⅞| 7¾| 13 || 14 | 10¾ |12⅜ ||1}6
13⅞| 8⅞| 9½| 10⅞| 10⅞| 10⅜| 7⅞| 13⅝|| 13 | 11¼ |12⅛ ||2}
| | | | | | | || | | ||
37⅜| 25⅜| 31½| 27⅛| 24½| 28¾| 19¾| 37⅛|| 26⅝| 29⅞ |28¼ || 7
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]
[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]
[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
The produce of barley the first season (1852), was, per acre:
On the unmanured plot 27¼ bushels
With superphosphate of lime 28⅝ ”
” potash, soda, and magnesia 26¼ ”
” ” ” ” and superphosphate 32¾ ”
” 14 tons barn-yard manure 33 ”
” 200 lbs. ammonia-salts alone 36⅞ ”
” ” ” and superphosphate 38⅝ ”
” ” ” and potash, soda, and magnesia 36 ”
” ” ” and superphosphate, potash,
soda, and magnesia 40¾ ”
” 400 lbs. ammonia-salts alone 44½ ”
The 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts contain 50 lbs. of ammonia = 41 lbs.
nitrogen.
It will be seen that this 50 lbs. of ammonia alone, on plot 1_a_, gives
an increase of nearly 10 bushels per acre, or to be more accurate, it
gives an increase over the unmanured plot of 503 lbs. of grain, and 329
lbs. of straw, while double the quantity of ammonia on plot 1_a.a._,
gives an increase of 17¼ bushels per acre--or an increase of 901 lbs. of
grain, and 1,144 lbs. of straw.
“Put that fact in separate lines, side by side,” said the Deacon, “so
that we can see it.”
Total
Grain Straw Produce.
50 lbs. of ammonia gives an increase of 503 lbs. 704 lbs. 1207 lbs.
100 ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 901 ” 1144 ” 2045 ”
The first 50 lbs. of ammonia gives an
increase of 503 ” 704 ” 1207 ”
The second 50 lbs. of ammonia gives an
increase of 398 ” 540 ” 738 ”
“That shows,” said the Deacon, “that a dressing of 50 lbs. per acre pays
better than a dressing of 100 lbs. per acre. I wish Mr. Lawes had sown
75 lbs. on one plot.”
I wish so, too, but it is quite probable that in our climate, 50 lbs. of
available ammonia per acre is all that it will usually be profitable to
apply per acre to the barley crop. It is equal to a dressing of 500 lbs.
guaranteed Peruvian guano, or 275 lbs. nitrate of soda. --“Or to how
much manure?” asked the Deacon.
To about 5 tons of average stable-manure, or say three tons of good,
well-rotted manure from grain-fed animals.
“And yet,” said the Deacon, “Mr. Lawes put on 14 tons of yard manure per
acre, and the yield of barley was not as much as from the 50 lbs. of
ammonia alone. How do you account for that?”
Simply because the ammonia in the manure is _not_ ammonia. It is what
the chemists used to call “potential ammonia.” A good deal of it is in
the form of undigested straw and hay. The nitrogenous matter of the food
which has been digested by the animal and thrown off in the liquid
excrements, is in such a form that it will readily ferment and produce
ammonia, while the nitrogenous matter in the undigested food and in the
straw used for bedding, decomposes slowly even under the most favorable
conditions; and if buried while fresh in a clay soil, it probably would
not all decompose in many years. But we will not discuss this at
present.
“The superphosphate does not seem to have done much good,” said the
Deacon; “3½ cwt. per acre gives an increase of less than two bushels per
acre. And I suppose it was _good_ superphosphate.”
There need be no doubt on that point. Better superphosphate of lime
cannot be made. But you must recollect that this is pure superphosphate
made from burnt bones. It contains no ammonia or organic matter.
Commercial superphosphates contain more or less ammonia, and had they
been used in these experiments, they would have shown a better result
than the pure article. They would have done good in proportion to the
available nitrogen they contained. If these experiments prove anything,
they clearly indicate that superphosphate alone is a very poor manure
for either wheat or barley.
The _second_ year, the unmanured plot gave 25¾ bushels per acre. Potash,
soda, and magnesia, (or what the Deacon calls “ashes,”) 27⅝ bushels;
superphosphate 33½, and “ashes” and superphosphate, nearly 36 bushels
per acre.
50 lbs. of ammonia, alone, gives nearly 39 bushels, and ammonia and
superphosphate together, 40 bushels.
The superphosphate and “ashes” give a better account of themselves this
year; but it is remarkable that the ammonia alone, gives almost as good
a crop as the ammonia and superphosphate, and a _better_ crop than the
ammonia and “ashes,” or the ammonia, superphosphate, and ashes,
together.
The 14 tons farm-yard manure gives over 36 bushels per acre. This plot
has now had 28 tons of manure per acre, yet the 50 lbs. of ammonia
alone, still gives a better yield than this heavy dressing of manure.
The _third_ season (1854), was quite favorable for the ripening of wheat
and barley. The seed on the experimental barley-field, was sown Feb. 24,
and the harvest was late; so that the crop had an unusually long season
for growth. It was one of the years when even poor land, if clean, gives
SOURCES & PROVENANCE
1 listed
This page is an AI-organised index. The label means the grouping and cross-links were compiled with AI; the information itself comes from the public-domain books, reports and manuals listed below. Open any source to read the local copy or follow the link to the original publication.
PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK
Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject
primary
Full text in the local archive
Bibliographic record from the archive catalogue.