THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD INCLUDING A DISCUSSION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND METHODS OF TIMBER TESTING
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ODUCTS, YALE UNIVERSITY FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND 1914 BY THE SAME AUTHOR Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States. 8vo, vi + 117 pages, 15 figures. Cloth, $1
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so would exist just the same. Moreover, it would be found in the latter case that the bow would be much harder to bend than where the piec
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mate strength in compression parallel to the grain is very nearly the same as the extreme fibre stress at the elastic limit in bending. (See Table V.) In other words, the transverse st
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VERSE OR BENDING STRENGTH: BEAMS When external forces acting in the same plane are applied at right angles to the axis of a bar so as to cause it to bend, they occasion a shortening
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nly imposed load is to produce twice the deflection and stress of the same load statically applied. It must be evident, however, that this case has nothing in common with either the or
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unt that no two woods are alike--in reality no two specimens from the same log are identical. There are certain properties that characterize each species, but they are subject to consi
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rate of growth on the qualities of chestnut wood is summarized by the same authority as follows: "When the rings are wide, the transition from spring wood to summer wood is gradual, wh
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green to the oven-dry condition, based on the green volume, and s the same based on the oven-dry volume. In tables of specific gravity or density of wood it should always be stated wh
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, posts, mine props, and sawlogs, is subject to serious damage by the same class of insects as those mentioned above, particularly by the round-headed borers, timber worms, and ambrosi
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ld be cut into lumber immediately after felling and given exactly the same treatment, for example, kiln-dried, no difference due to the season of cutting would be noted. WATER CONTE
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k avoided. A comprehensive study of previous investigations along the same or related lines should prove very helpful in outlining the work and preparing the report. (For sample workin
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data regarding the rate of growth and the proportion of late wood the same procedure is followed as with large beams. _Adjusting specimen in machine_: The beam should be correctly cen
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y), proportion of late wood, and rate of growth are assumed to be the same as already recorded for the beams. In specimens not so taken, these quantities are determined in the usual wa
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lizing levers, so arranged that the load at each pinhole would be the same. In all the tests the load was applied vertically by means of the static machine. See Cir. 204, U.S.F.S.: St
| COMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON GREEN MATERIAL |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Compression | Compression | Shear |
| | parallel to grain | perpendicular to grain | |
| |------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------|
| | | | | Cr. | | Cr. | | | | | Cr. | | | |
| Species | | | Per | str. | M. of | str. | | | | Per | str. | | Per | |
| | Size of | No. | cent | at | E. | at max. | Stress | | No. | cent | at max. | No. | cent | Shear |
| | specimen | of | of | E. L. | per | ld.,. | area | Height | of | of | ld., | of | of | strength |
| | | tests | mois- | per | square | per | | | tests | mois- | per | tests | mois- | |
| | | | ture | square | inch | square | | | | ture | square | | ture | |
| | | | | inch | | inch | | | | | inch | | | |
|-----------------+----------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+-------+ ------+---------+-------+-------+----------|
| | | | | | 1,000 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Inches | | | Lbs. | lbs. | Lbs. | Inches | Inches | | | Lbs. | | | Lbs. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Longleaf pine | 4 by 4 | 46 | 26.3 | 3,480 | | 4,800 | 4 by 4 | 4 | 22 | 25.3 | 568 | 44 | 21.8 | 973 |
| | 2 by 2 | 14 | 34.7 | | | 4,400 | | | | | | | | |
| Douglas fir | 6 by 6 | 515 | 30.7 | 2,780 | 1,181 | 3,500 | 4 by 8 | 16 | 259 | 30.3 | 570 | 531 | 29.7 | 765 |
| | 5 by 6 | 170 | 30.9 | 2,720 | 2,123 | 3,490 | | | | | | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 902 | 29.8 | 3,500 | 1,925 | 4,030 | | | | | | | | |
| Douglas fir | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (fire-killed) | 6 by 6 | 108 | 34.8 | 2,620 | 1,801 | 3,290 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 24 | 33.7 | 368 | 77 | 35.8 | 631 |
| | 2 by 2 | 204 | 37.9 | | | 3,430 | | | | | | | | |
| Shortleaf pine | 6 by 6 | 95 | 41.2 | 2,514 | 1,565 | 3,436 | 5 by 8 | 16 | 12 | 37.7 | 361 | 179 | 47.0 | 704 |
| | 5 by 8 | 23 | 43.5 | 2,241 | 1,529 | 3,423 | 5 by 8 | 14 | 12 | 42.8 | 366 | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 281 | 51.4 | | | 3,570 | 5 by 8 | 12 | 24 | 53.0 | 325 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 5 by 5 | 8 | 24 | 47.0 | 344 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 2 | 277 | 48.5 | 400 | | | |
| Western larch | 6 by 6 | 107 | 49.1 | 2,675 | 1,575 | 3,510 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 22 | 43.6 | 417 | 179 | 40.7 | 700 |
| | 2 by 2 | 491 | 50.6 | 3,026 | 1,545 | 3,696 | 6 by 8 | 12 | 20 | 40.2 | 416 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 4 by 6 | 6 | 53 | 52.8 | 478 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 4 by 4 | 4 | 30 | 50.4 | 472 | | | |
| Loblolly pine | 8 by 8 | 14 | 63.4 | 1,560 | 365 | 2,140 | 8 by 4 | 8 | 16 | 67.2 | 392 | 121 | 83.2 | 630 |
| | 4 by 8 | 18 | 60.0 | 2,430 | 691 | 3,560 | 4 by 4 | 8 | 38 | 44.6 | 546 | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 53 | 74.0 | | | 3,240 | | | | | | | | |
| Tamarack | 6 by 7 | 4 | 49.9 | 2,332 | 1,432 | 3,032 | | | | | | 24 | 39.2 | 668 |
| | 4 by 7 | 6 | 27.7 | 2,444 | 1,334 | 3,360 | | | | | | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 165 | 36.8 | | | 3,190 | | | | | | | | |
| Western hemlock | 6 by 6 | 82 | 46.6 | 2,905 | 1,617 | 3,355 | 6 by 4 | 6 | 30 | 48.7 | 434 | 54 | 65.7 | 630 |
| | 2 by 2 | 131 | 55.6 | 2,938 | 1,737 | 3,392 | | | | | | | | |
| Redwood | 6 by 6 | 34 | 83.6 | 3,194 | 1,240 | 3,882 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 13 | 86.7 | 473 | 148 | 84.2 | 742 |
| | 2 by 2 | 143 | 36.8 | 3,490 | 1,222 | 3,980 | 6 by 6 | 12 | 14 | 83.0 | 424 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 7 | 9 | 13 | 74.7 | 477 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 3 | 14 | 13 | 75.6 | 411 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 12 | 12 | 66.5 | 430 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 10 | 11 | 55.0 | 423 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 8 | 12 | 56.7 | 396 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 2 | 186 | 75.5 | 569 | | | |
| Norway pine | 6 by 7 | 5 | 29.0 | 1,928 | 905 | 2,404 | | | | | | 20 | 26.7 | 589 |
| | 4 by 7 | 8 | 28.4 | 2,154 | 1,063 | 2,652 | | | | | | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 178 | 26.8 | | | 2,504 | | | | | | | | |
| Red spruce | 2 by 2 | 58 | 35.4 | | | 2,750 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 43 | 31.8 | 310 | 30 | 32.0 | 758 |
| White spruce | 2 by 2 | 84 | 61.0 | | | 2,370 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 46 | 50.4 | 270 | 40 | 58.0 | 651 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| _Note.--Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:_ |
| F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit. |
| M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity. |
| M. of R. = Modulus of rupture. |
| Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit. |
| Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| TABLE XX TABLE XX |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| BENDING TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIAL |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Sizes | | | | F.S. at E.L. | M. of R. | M. of E. | Calculated |
| |-----------------| Num- | Per | Rings | | | | shear |
| Species | | | ber | cent | per |-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------|
| | Cross | Span | of | mois- | inch | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio |
| | Section | | tests | ture | | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" |
| | | | | | | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" |
|-----------------+----------+------+-------+-------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------|
| | | | | | | | | | | 1,000 | | | |
| | Inches | Ins. | | | | Lbs. | | Lbs. | | lbs. | | Lbs. | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Longleaf pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 5 | 22.2 | 16.0 | 3,390 | 0.50 | 4,274 | 0.37 | 1,747 | 1.00 | 288 | 0.75 |
| | 6 by 16 | 132 | 1 | 23.4 | 17.1 | 3,470 | .51 | 6,610 | .57 | 1,501 | .86 | 388 | 1.01 |
| | 6 by 10 | 177 | 2 | 19.0 | 8.8 | 4,560 | .68 | 7,880 | .68 | 1,722 | .99 | 214 | .56 |
| | 4 by 11 | 180 | 1 | 18.4 | 23.9 | 3,078 | .46 | 8,000 | .69 | 1,660 | .95 | 251 | .66 |
| | 6 by 8 | 177 | 6 | 20.0 | 13.7 | 4,227 | .63 | 8,196 | .71 | 1,634 | .94 | 177 | .46 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 17 | 15.9 | 13.9 | 6,750 | 1.00 | 11,520 | 1.00 | 1,740 | 1.00 | 383 | 1.00 |
| Douglas fir | 8 by 16 | 180 | 91 | 20.8 | 13.1 | 4,563 | .68 | 6,372 | .61 | 1,549 | .91 | 269 | .64 |
| | 5 by 8 | 180 | 30 | 14.9 | 12.2 | 5,065 | .76 | 6,777 | .65 | 1,853 | 1.09 | 218 | .52 |
| | 2 by 2 | 24 | 211 | 19.0 | 16.4 | 6,686 | 1.00 | 10,378 | 1.00 | 1,695 | 1.00 | 419 | 1.00 |
| Shortleaf pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 3 | 17.0 | 12.3 | 4,220 | .54 | 6,030 | .50 | 1,517 | .85 | 398 | .98 |
| | 8 by 14 | 180 | 3 | 16.0 | 12.3 | 4,253 | .55 | 5,347 | .44 | 1,757 | .98 | 307 | .76 |
| | 8 by 12 | 180 | 7 | 16.0 | 12.4 | 5,051 | .65 | 7,331 | .60 | 1,803 | 1.01 | 361 | .89 |
| | 5 by 8 | 180 | 6 | 12.2 | 22.5 | 7,123 | .92 | 9,373 | .77 | 1,985 | 1.11 | 301 | .74 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 67 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 7,780 | 1.00 | 12,120 | 1.00 | 1,792 | 1.00 | 404 | 1.00 |
| Western larch | 8 by 16 | 180 | 23 | 18.3 | 21.9 | 3,343 | .57 | 5,440 | .53 | 1,409 | .90 | 349 | .96 |
| | 8 by 12 | 180 | 29 | 17.8 | 23.4 | 3,631 | .62 | 6,186 | .60 | 1,549 | .99 | 295 | .81 |
| | 5 by 8 | 180 | 10 | 13.6 | 27.6 | 4,730 | .80 | 7,258 | .71 | 1,620 | 1.04 | 221 | .61 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 240 | 16.1 | 26.8 | 5,880 | 1.00 | 10,254 | 1.00 | 1,564 | 1.00 | 364 | 1.00 |
| Loblolly pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 14 | 20.5 | 7.4 | 4,195 | .81 | 6,734 | .72 | 1,619 | 1.10 | 462 | 1.45 |
| | 6 by 16 | 126 | 4 | 20.2 | 5.0 | 2,432 | .47 | 4,295 | .46 | 1,324 | .90 | 266 | .84 |
| | 6 by 10 | 174 | 3 | 21.3 | 4.7 | 3,100 | .60 | 6,167 | .66 | 1,449 | .99 | 173 | .54 |
| | 4 by 12 | 174 | 4 | 19.8 | 4.7 | 2,713 | .52 | 5,745 | .61 | 1,249 | .85 | 185 | .58 |
| | 8 by 8 | 180 | 9 | 22.9 | 4.9 | 2,903 | .56 | 4,557 | .48 | 1,136 | .77 | 93 | .29 |
| | 6 by 7 | 144 | 2 | 21.1 | 5.0 | 2,990 | .58 | 4,968 | .53 | 1,286 | .88 | 116 | .36 |
| | 4 by 8 | 132 | 8 | 19.5 | 9.1 | 3,384 | .65 | 6,194 | .66 | 1,200 | .82 | 196 | .62 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 123 | 17.6 | 6.6 | 5,170 | 1.00 | 9,400 | 1.00 | 1,467 | 1.00 | 318 | 1.00 |
| Tamarack | 6 by 12 | 162 | 5 | 23.0 | 15.1 | 3,434 | .45 | 5,640 | .43 | 1,330 | .82 | 318 | .75 |
| | 4 by 10 | 162 | 4 | 14.4 | 9.7 | 4,100 | .54 | 5,320 | .41 | 1,386 | .84 | 252 | .59 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 47 | 11.3 | 16.2 | 7,630 | 1.00 | 13,080 | 1.00 | 1,620 | 1.00 | 425 | 1.00 |
| Western hemlock | 8 by 16 | 180 | 44 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 4,398 | .69 | 6,420 | .62 | 1,737 | 1.04 | 406 | 1.06 |
| | 2 by 2 | 28 | 311 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 6,333 | 1.00 | 10,369 | 1.00 | 1,666 | 1.00 | 382 | 1.00 |
| Redwood | 8 by 16 | 180 | 6 | 26.3 | 22.4 | 3,797 | .79 | 4,428 | .57 | 1,107 | .96 | 294 | 1.05 |
| | 6 by 12 | 180 | 6 | 16.1 | 17.7 | 3,175 | .66 | 3,353 | .43 | 728 | .64 | 167 | .60 |
| | 7 by 9 | 180 | 6 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 3,280 | .69 | 4,002 | .51 | 1,104 | .96 | 147 | .53 |
| | 3 by 14 | 180 | 6 | 13.1 | 24.4 | | | 5,033 | .64 | | | 291 | 1.04 |
| | 2 by 12 | 180 | 5 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 3,928 | .82 | 5,336 | .68 | 1,249 | 1.09 | 260 | .93 |
| | 2 by 10 | 180 | 5 | 13.8 | 24.8 | 3,757 | .79 | 4,606 | .59 | 1,198 | 1.05 | 186 | .67 |
| | 2 by 8 | 180 | 6 | 13.7 | 20.7 | 4,314 | .90 | 5,050 | .65 | 1,313 | 1.15 | 166 | .60 |
| | 2 by 2 | 28 | 122 | 15.2 | 18.8 | 4,777 | 1.00 | 7,798 | 1.00 | 1,146 | 1.00 | 279 | 1.00 |
| Norway pine | 6 by 12 | 162 | 5 | 16.7 | 8.1 | 2,968 | .56 | 5,204 | .61 | 1,123 | .97 | 286 | 1.02 |
| | 4 by 10 | 162 | 5 | 13.7 | 12.0 | 5,170 | .98 | 6,904 | .82 | 1,712 | 1.48 | 317 | 1.13 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 60 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 5,280 | 1.00 | 8,470 | 1.00 | 1,158 | 1.00 | 281 | 1.00 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| _Note.--Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:_ |
| F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit. |
| M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity. |
| M. of R. = Modulus of rupture. |
| Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit. |
| Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| TABLE XXI TABLE XXI |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| COMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIAL |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Compression | Compression | Shear |
| | parallel to grain | perpendicular to grain | |
| |------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------|
| | | | | Cr. | | Cr. | | | | | Cr. | | | |
| Species | | | Per | str. | M. of | str. | | | | Per | str. | | Per | |
| | Size of | No. | cent | at | E. | at max. | Stress | | No. | cent | at max. | No. | cent | Shear |
| | specimen | of | of | E. L. | per | ld.,. | area | Height | of | of | ld., | of | of | strength |
| | | tests | mois- | per | square | per | | | tests | mois- | per | tests | mois- | |
| | | | ture | square | inch | square | | | | ture | square | | ture | |
| | | | | inch | | inch | | | | | inch | | | |
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The Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing
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