THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD INCLUDING A DISCUSSION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND METHODS OF TIMBER TESTING
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21. Cleavage of highly elastic wood 22. Cross-sections of white ash, red gum, and eastern hemlock 23. Cross-section of longleaf pine 24.
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| | | | | | | Ash, white | 645 | 671 | | Basswood | 226 | 303 | | Beech | 63
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42.0 | | Sugar pine | 353 | 41.1 | | White elm | 351 | 41.2 | | Western yellow pine | 348 | 40.8 | |
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| 5,595 | Maple | 6,355 | | Cedar (white) | 1,372 | Oak | 4,425 | | Cedar (white) | 1,519 | Oak (live
Page 5 6 matches
| | Ash, black | 7,840 | 955,000 | 3.69 | | white | 11,710 | 1,564,000 | 4.93 | | Basswood | 5,480 | 917,000 | 1.84 | | B
Page 6 13 matches
locust | 1,851 | 1,862 | 1,860 | 1,832 | | 3 Swamp white oak | 1,174 | 1,205 | 1,217 | 1,099 | | 4 White oak | 1,164 | 1,183 | 1,163 |
Page 7 9 matches
er begins. The color of fresh sapwood is always light, sometimes pure white, but more often with a decided tinge of green or brown. Sapwood is comparatively new wood. There is a time i
Page 8 4 matches
| white | 58 | .594 | .704 | 15.8 | 6.2 | 8.3 | | " | 62 | .603 |
Page 9 3 matches
, the locust borer, turpentine beetles and turpentine borers, and the white pine weevil. The insect injuries to forest products may be classed according to the stage of manufacture of
Page 15 1 match
27 | 1.00 | 5,900 | 1.00 | 1,157 | 1.00 | 227 | 1.00 | | White spruce | 2 by 10 | 144 | 16 | 40.7 | 9.3 | 2,239 | .72 | 3,288 | .63 | 1,081 | 1.08 |
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y 2 | 2 | 43 | 31.8 | 310 | 30 | 32.0 | 758 | | White spruce | 2 by 2 | 84 | 61.0 | | | 2,370 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 46 | 50.4 | 270
Page 17 2 matches
--+----------+---------+-----------+-------------------+----------| | White pine | 4400 | 900 | 1,130,000 | 400 | 100 | 180 | 70 | 290 | 150 |
Page 18 4 matches
versity, Montreal, on the strength of Canadian Douglas fir, red pine, white pine, and spruce. Trans. Can. Soc. C.E., Vol. IX, Part I, 1895, pp. 69-236. BREUIL, M. PIERRE: Contribution
Page 19 5 matches
93. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 1, 47th Cong., 2d sess., 1883. Resistance of white and yellow pines to forces of compression in the direction of the fibers, as used for columns, or posts, pp.
| COMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON GREEN MATERIAL |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Compression | Compression | Shear |
| | parallel to grain | perpendicular to grain | |
| |------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------|
| | | | | Cr. | | Cr. | | | | | Cr. | | | |
| Species | | | Per | str. | M. of | str. | | | | Per | str. | | Per | |
| | Size of | No. | cent | at | E. | at max. | Stress | | No. | cent | at max. | No. | cent | Shear |
| | specimen | of | of | E. L. | per | ld.,. | area | Height | of | of | ld., | of | of | strength |
| | | tests | mois- | per | square | per | | | tests | mois- | per | tests | mois- | |
| | | | ture | square | inch | square | | | | ture | square | | ture | |
| | | | | inch | | inch | | | | | inch | | | |
|-----------------+----------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+-------+ ------+---------+-------+-------+----------|
| | | | | | 1,000 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Inches | | | Lbs. | lbs. | Lbs. | Inches | Inches | | | Lbs. | | | Lbs. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Longleaf pine | 4 by 4 | 46 | 26.3 | 3,480 | | 4,800 | 4 by 4 | 4 | 22 | 25.3 | 568 | 44 | 21.8 | 973 |
| | 2 by 2 | 14 | 34.7 | | | 4,400 | | | | | | | | |
| Douglas fir | 6 by 6 | 515 | 30.7 | 2,780 | 1,181 | 3,500 | 4 by 8 | 16 | 259 | 30.3 | 570 | 531 | 29.7 | 765 |
| | 5 by 6 | 170 | 30.9 | 2,720 | 2,123 | 3,490 | | | | | | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 902 | 29.8 | 3,500 | 1,925 | 4,030 | | | | | | | | |
| Douglas fir | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (fire-killed) | 6 by 6 | 108 | 34.8 | 2,620 | 1,801 | 3,290 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 24 | 33.7 | 368 | 77 | 35.8 | 631 |
| | 2 by 2 | 204 | 37.9 | | | 3,430 | | | | | | | | |
| Shortleaf pine | 6 by 6 | 95 | 41.2 | 2,514 | 1,565 | 3,436 | 5 by 8 | 16 | 12 | 37.7 | 361 | 179 | 47.0 | 704 |
| | 5 by 8 | 23 | 43.5 | 2,241 | 1,529 | 3,423 | 5 by 8 | 14 | 12 | 42.8 | 366 | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 281 | 51.4 | | | 3,570 | 5 by 8 | 12 | 24 | 53.0 | 325 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 5 by 5 | 8 | 24 | 47.0 | 344 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 2 | 277 | 48.5 | 400 | | | |
| Western larch | 6 by 6 | 107 | 49.1 | 2,675 | 1,575 | 3,510 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 22 | 43.6 | 417 | 179 | 40.7 | 700 |
| | 2 by 2 | 491 | 50.6 | 3,026 | 1,545 | 3,696 | 6 by 8 | 12 | 20 | 40.2 | 416 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 4 by 6 | 6 | 53 | 52.8 | 478 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 4 by 4 | 4 | 30 | 50.4 | 472 | | | |
| Loblolly pine | 8 by 8 | 14 | 63.4 | 1,560 | 365 | 2,140 | 8 by 4 | 8 | 16 | 67.2 | 392 | 121 | 83.2 | 630 |
| | 4 by 8 | 18 | 60.0 | 2,430 | 691 | 3,560 | 4 by 4 | 8 | 38 | 44.6 | 546 | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 53 | 74.0 | | | 3,240 | | | | | | | | |
| Tamarack | 6 by 7 | 4 | 49.9 | 2,332 | 1,432 | 3,032 | | | | | | 24 | 39.2 | 668 |
| | 4 by 7 | 6 | 27.7 | 2,444 | 1,334 | 3,360 | | | | | | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 165 | 36.8 | | | 3,190 | | | | | | | | |
| Western hemlock | 6 by 6 | 82 | 46.6 | 2,905 | 1,617 | 3,355 | 6 by 4 | 6 | 30 | 48.7 | 434 | 54 | 65.7 | 630 |
| | 2 by 2 | 131 | 55.6 | 2,938 | 1,737 | 3,392 | | | | | | | | |
| Redwood | 6 by 6 | 34 | 83.6 | 3,194 | 1,240 | 3,882 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 13 | 86.7 | 473 | 148 | 84.2 | 742 |
| | 2 by 2 | 143 | 36.8 | 3,490 | 1,222 | 3,980 | 6 by 6 | 12 | 14 | 83.0 | 424 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 7 | 9 | 13 | 74.7 | 477 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 3 | 14 | 13 | 75.6 | 411 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 12 | 12 | 66.5 | 430 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 10 | 11 | 55.0 | 423 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 8 | 12 | 56.7 | 396 | | | |
| | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 2 | 186 | 75.5 | 569 | | | |
| Norway pine | 6 by 7 | 5 | 29.0 | 1,928 | 905 | 2,404 | | | | | | 20 | 26.7 | 589 |
| | 4 by 7 | 8 | 28.4 | 2,154 | 1,063 | 2,652 | | | | | | | | |
| | 2 by 2 | 178 | 26.8 | | | 2,504 | | | | | | | | |
| Red spruce | 2 by 2 | 58 | 35.4 | | | 2,750 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 43 | 31.8 | 310 | 30 | 32.0 | 758 |
| White spruce | 2 by 2 | 84 | 61.0 | | | 2,370 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 46 | 50.4 | 270 | 40 | 58.0 | 651 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| _Note.--Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:_ |
| F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit. |
| M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity. |
| M. of R. = Modulus of rupture. |
| Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit. |
| Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| TABLE XX TABLE XX |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| BENDING TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIAL |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Sizes | | | | F.S. at E.L. | M. of R. | M. of E. | Calculated |
| |-----------------| Num- | Per | Rings | | | | shear |
| Species | | | ber | cent | per |-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------|
| | Cross | Span | of | mois- | inch | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio |
| | Section | | tests | ture | | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" |
| | | | | | | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" |
|-----------------+----------+------+-------+-------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------|
| | | | | | | | | | | 1,000 | | | |
| | Inches | Ins. | | | | Lbs. | | Lbs. | | lbs. | | Lbs. | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Longleaf pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 5 | 22.2 | 16.0 | 3,390 | 0.50 | 4,274 | 0.37 | 1,747 | 1.00 | 288 | 0.75 |
| | 6 by 16 | 132 | 1 | 23.4 | 17.1 | 3,470 | .51 | 6,610 | .57 | 1,501 | .86 | 388 | 1.01 |
| | 6 by 10 | 177 | 2 | 19.0 | 8.8 | 4,560 | .68 | 7,880 | .68 | 1,722 | .99 | 214 | .56 |
| | 4 by 11 | 180 | 1 | 18.4 | 23.9 | 3,078 | .46 | 8,000 | .69 | 1,660 | .95 | 251 | .66 |
| | 6 by 8 | 177 | 6 | 20.0 | 13.7 | 4,227 | .63 | 8,196 | .71 | 1,634 | .94 | 177 | .46 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 17 | 15.9 | 13.9 | 6,750 | 1.00 | 11,520 | 1.00 | 1,740 | 1.00 | 383 | 1.00 |
| Douglas fir | 8 by 16 | 180 | 91 | 20.8 | 13.1 | 4,563 | .68 | 6,372 | .61 | 1,549 | .91 | 269 | .64 |
| | 5 by 8 | 180 | 30 | 14.9 | 12.2 | 5,065 | .76 | 6,777 | .65 | 1,853 | 1.09 | 218 | .52 |
| | 2 by 2 | 24 | 211 | 19.0 | 16.4 | 6,686 | 1.00 | 10,378 | 1.00 | 1,695 | 1.00 | 419 | 1.00 |
| Shortleaf pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 3 | 17.0 | 12.3 | 4,220 | .54 | 6,030 | .50 | 1,517 | .85 | 398 | .98 |
| | 8 by 14 | 180 | 3 | 16.0 | 12.3 | 4,253 | .55 | 5,347 | .44 | 1,757 | .98 | 307 | .76 |
| | 8 by 12 | 180 | 7 | 16.0 | 12.4 | 5,051 | .65 | 7,331 | .60 | 1,803 | 1.01 | 361 | .89 |
| | 5 by 8 | 180 | 6 | 12.2 | 22.5 | 7,123 | .92 | 9,373 | .77 | 1,985 | 1.11 | 301 | .74 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 67 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 7,780 | 1.00 | 12,120 | 1.00 | 1,792 | 1.00 | 404 | 1.00 |
| Western larch | 8 by 16 | 180 | 23 | 18.3 | 21.9 | 3,343 | .57 | 5,440 | .53 | 1,409 | .90 | 349 | .96 |
| | 8 by 12 | 180 | 29 | 17.8 | 23.4 | 3,631 | .62 | 6,186 | .60 | 1,549 | .99 | 295 | .81 |
| | 5 by 8 | 180 | 10 | 13.6 | 27.6 | 4,730 | .80 | 7,258 | .71 | 1,620 | 1.04 | 221 | .61 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 240 | 16.1 | 26.8 | 5,880 | 1.00 | 10,254 | 1.00 | 1,564 | 1.00 | 364 | 1.00 |
| Loblolly pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 14 | 20.5 | 7.4 | 4,195 | .81 | 6,734 | .72 | 1,619 | 1.10 | 462 | 1.45 |
| | 6 by 16 | 126 | 4 | 20.2 | 5.0 | 2,432 | .47 | 4,295 | .46 | 1,324 | .90 | 266 | .84 |
| | 6 by 10 | 174 | 3 | 21.3 | 4.7 | 3,100 | .60 | 6,167 | .66 | 1,449 | .99 | 173 | .54 |
| | 4 by 12 | 174 | 4 | 19.8 | 4.7 | 2,713 | .52 | 5,745 | .61 | 1,249 | .85 | 185 | .58 |
| | 8 by 8 | 180 | 9 | 22.9 | 4.9 | 2,903 | .56 | 4,557 | .48 | 1,136 | .77 | 93 | .29 |
| | 6 by 7 | 144 | 2 | 21.1 | 5.0 | 2,990 | .58 | 4,968 | .53 | 1,286 | .88 | 116 | .36 |
| | 4 by 8 | 132 | 8 | 19.5 | 9.1 | 3,384 | .65 | 6,194 | .66 | 1,200 | .82 | 196 | .62 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 123 | 17.6 | 6.6 | 5,170 | 1.00 | 9,400 | 1.00 | 1,467 | 1.00 | 318 | 1.00 |
| Tamarack | 6 by 12 | 162 | 5 | 23.0 | 15.1 | 3,434 | .45 | 5,640 | .43 | 1,330 | .82 | 318 | .75 |
| | 4 by 10 | 162 | 4 | 14.4 | 9.7 | 4,100 | .54 | 5,320 | .41 | 1,386 | .84 | 252 | .59 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 47 | 11.3 | 16.2 | 7,630 | 1.00 | 13,080 | 1.00 | 1,620 | 1.00 | 425 | 1.00 |
| Western hemlock | 8 by 16 | 180 | 44 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 4,398 | .69 | 6,420 | .62 | 1,737 | 1.04 | 406 | 1.06 |
| | 2 by 2 | 28 | 311 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 6,333 | 1.00 | 10,369 | 1.00 | 1,666 | 1.00 | 382 | 1.00 |
| Redwood | 8 by 16 | 180 | 6 | 26.3 | 22.4 | 3,797 | .79 | 4,428 | .57 | 1,107 | .96 | 294 | 1.05 |
| | 6 by 12 | 180 | 6 | 16.1 | 17.7 | 3,175 | .66 | 3,353 | .43 | 728 | .64 | 167 | .60 |
| | 7 by 9 | 180 | 6 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 3,280 | .69 | 4,002 | .51 | 1,104 | .96 | 147 | .53 |
| | 3 by 14 | 180 | 6 | 13.1 | 24.4 | | | 5,033 | .64 | | | 291 | 1.04 |
| | 2 by 12 | 180 | 5 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 3,928 | .82 | 5,336 | .68 | 1,249 | 1.09 | 260 | .93 |
| | 2 by 10 | 180 | 5 | 13.8 | 24.8 | 3,757 | .79 | 4,606 | .59 | 1,198 | 1.05 | 186 | .67 |
| | 2 by 8 | 180 | 6 | 13.7 | 20.7 | 4,314 | .90 | 5,050 | .65 | 1,313 | 1.15 | 166 | .60 |
| | 2 by 2 | 28 | 122 | 15.2 | 18.8 | 4,777 | 1.00 | 7,798 | 1.00 | 1,146 | 1.00 | 279 | 1.00 |
| Norway pine | 6 by 12 | 162 | 5 | 16.7 | 8.1 | 2,968 | .56 | 5,204 | .61 | 1,123 | .97 | 286 | 1.02 |
| | 4 by 10 | 162 | 5 | 13.7 | 12.0 | 5,170 | .98 | 6,904 | .82 | 1,712 | 1.48 | 317 | 1.13 |
| | 2 by 2 | 30 | 60 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 5,280 | 1.00 | 8,470 | 1.00 | 1,158 | 1.00 | 281 | 1.00 |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| _Note.--Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:_ |
| F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit. |
| M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity. |
| M. of R. = Modulus of rupture. |
| Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit. |
| Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| TABLE XXI TABLE XXI |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| COMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIAL |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Compression | Compression | Shear |
| | parallel to grain | perpendicular to grain | |
| |------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------|
| | | | | Cr. | | Cr. | | | | | Cr. | | | |
| Species | | | Per | str. | M. of | str. | | | | Per | str. | | Per | |
| | Size of | No. | cent | at | E. | at max. | Stress | | No. | cent | at max. | No. | cent | Shear |
| | specimen | of | of | E. L. | per | ld.,. | area | Height | of | of | ld., | of | of | strength |
| | | tests | mois- | per | square | per | | | tests | mois- | per | tests | mois- | |
| | | | ture | square | inch | square | | | | ture | square | | ture | |
| | | | | inch | | inch | | | | | inch | | | |
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The Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing
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