THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD INCLUDING A DISCUSSION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND METHODS OF TIMBER TESTING TEXT

Record, Samuel J. (Samuel James), 1881-1945 · 2004 · 384.7 KB PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK BOOK DETAILS DOWNLOAD

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Page 1 2 matches SAMUEL J. RECORD, M.A., M.F. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FOREST PRODUCTS, YALE UNIVERSITY FIRST EDITION FIRST THOUSAND 1914 BY THE SAME AUTHOR Identification of the Economic Woods of Page 11 2 matches y obscures the expansion due to the heating. Experiments made at the Yale Forest School revealed the effect of temperature on the crushing strength of wet wood. In the case of wet che Page 15 1 match U.S. Forest Service, in cooperation with the following institutions: Yale Forest School, Purdue University, University of California, University of Oregon, University of Washington, U

| COMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON GREEN MATERIAL | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Compression | Compression | Shear | | | parallel to grain | perpendicular to grain | | | |------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------| | | | | | Cr. | | Cr. | | | | | Cr. | | | | | Species | | | Per | str. | M. of | str. | | | | Per | str. | | Per | | | | Size of | No. | cent | at | E. | at max. | Stress | | No. | cent | at max. | No. | cent | Shear | | | specimen | of | of | E. L. | per | ld.,. | area | Height | of | of | ld., | of | of | strength | | | | tests | mois- | per | square | per | | | tests | mois- | per | tests | mois- | | | | | | ture | square | inch | square | | | | ture | square | | ture | | | | | | | inch | | inch | | | | | inch | | | | |-----------------+----------+-------+-------+--------+--------+---------+--------+--------+-------+ ------+---------+-------+-------+----------| | | | | | | 1,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | Inches | | | Lbs. | lbs. | Lbs. | Inches | Inches | | | Lbs. | | | Lbs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Longleaf pine | 4 by 4 | 46 | 26.3 | 3,480 | | 4,800 | 4 by 4 | 4 | 22 | 25.3 | 568 | 44 | 21.8 | 973 | | | 2 by 2 | 14 | 34.7 | | | 4,400 | | | | | | | | | | Douglas fir | 6 by 6 | 515 | 30.7 | 2,780 | 1,181 | 3,500 | 4 by 8 | 16 | 259 | 30.3 | 570 | 531 | 29.7 | 765 | | | 5 by 6 | 170 | 30.9 | 2,720 | 2,123 | 3,490 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 902 | 29.8 | 3,500 | 1,925 | 4,030 | | | | | | | | | | Douglas fir | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (fire-killed) | 6 by 6 | 108 | 34.8 | 2,620 | 1,801 | 3,290 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 24 | 33.7 | 368 | 77 | 35.8 | 631 | | | 2 by 2 | 204 | 37.9 | | | 3,430 | | | | | | | | | | Shortleaf pine | 6 by 6 | 95 | 41.2 | 2,514 | 1,565 | 3,436 | 5 by 8 | 16 | 12 | 37.7 | 361 | 179 | 47.0 | 704 | | | 5 by 8 | 23 | 43.5 | 2,241 | 1,529 | 3,423 | 5 by 8 | 14 | 12 | 42.8 | 366 | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 281 | 51.4 | | | 3,570 | 5 by 8 | 12 | 24 | 53.0 | 325 | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 by 5 | 8 | 24 | 47.0 | 344 | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 2 | 277 | 48.5 | 400 | | | | | Western larch | 6 by 6 | 107 | 49.1 | 2,675 | 1,575 | 3,510 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 22 | 43.6 | 417 | 179 | 40.7 | 700 | | | 2 by 2 | 491 | 50.6 | 3,026 | 1,545 | 3,696 | 6 by 8 | 12 | 20 | 40.2 | 416 | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 by 6 | 6 | 53 | 52.8 | 478 | | | | | | | | | | | | 4 by 4 | 4 | 30 | 50.4 | 472 | | | | | Loblolly pine | 8 by 8 | 14 | 63.4 | 1,560 | 365 | 2,140 | 8 by 4 | 8 | 16 | 67.2 | 392 | 121 | 83.2 | 630 | | | 4 by 8 | 18 | 60.0 | 2,430 | 691 | 3,560 | 4 by 4 | 8 | 38 | 44.6 | 546 | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 53 | 74.0 | | | 3,240 | | | | | | | | | | Tamarack | 6 by 7 | 4 | 49.9 | 2,332 | 1,432 | 3,032 | | | | | | 24 | 39.2 | 668 | | | 4 by 7 | 6 | 27.7 | 2,444 | 1,334 | 3,360 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 165 | 36.8 | | | 3,190 | | | | | | | | | | Western hemlock | 6 by 6 | 82 | 46.6 | 2,905 | 1,617 | 3,355 | 6 by 4 | 6 | 30 | 48.7 | 434 | 54 | 65.7 | 630 | | | 2 by 2 | 131 | 55.6 | 2,938 | 1,737 | 3,392 | | | | | | | | | | Redwood | 6 by 6 | 34 | 83.6 | 3,194 | 1,240 | 3,882 | 6 by 8 | 16 | 13 | 86.7 | 473 | 148 | 84.2 | 742 | | | 2 by 2 | 143 | 36.8 | 3,490 | 1,222 | 3,980 | 6 by 6 | 12 | 14 | 83.0 | 424 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 by 7 | 9 | 13 | 74.7 | 477 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 by 3 | 14 | 13 | 75.6 | 411 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 12 | 12 | 66.5 | 430 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 10 | 11 | 55.0 | 423 | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 by 2 | 8 | 12 | 56.7 | 396 | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 2 | 186 | 75.5 | 569 | | | | | Norway pine | 6 by 7 | 5 | 29.0 | 1,928 | 905 | 2,404 | | | | | | 20 | 26.7 | 589 | | | 4 by 7 | 8 | 28.4 | 2,154 | 1,063 | 2,652 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 by 2 | 178 | 26.8 | | | 2,504 | | | | | | | | | | Red spruce | 2 by 2 | 58 | 35.4 | | | 2,750 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 43 | 31.8 | 310 | 30 | 32.0 | 758 | | White spruce | 2 by 2 | 84 | 61.0 | | | 2,370 | 2 by 2 | 2 | 46 | 50.4 | 270 | 40 | 58.0 | 651 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | _Note.--Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:_ | | F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit. | | M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity. | | M. of R. = Modulus of rupture. | | Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit. | | Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | TABLE XX TABLE XX | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | BENDING TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIAL | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Sizes | | | | F.S. at E.L. | M. of R. | M. of E. | Calculated | | |-----------------| Num- | Per | Rings | | | | shear | | Species | | | ber | cent | per |-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------| | | Cross | Span | of | mois- | inch | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | Average | Ratio | | | Section | | tests | ture | | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | per sq. | to 2" | | | | | | | | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | inch | by 2" | |-----------------+----------+------+-------+-------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------| | | | | | | | | | | | 1,000 | | | | | | Inches | Ins. | | | | Lbs. | | Lbs. | | lbs. | | Lbs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Longleaf pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 5 | 22.2 | 16.0 | 3,390 | 0.50 | 4,274 | 0.37 | 1,747 | 1.00 | 288 | 0.75 | | | 6 by 16 | 132 | 1 | 23.4 | 17.1 | 3,470 | .51 | 6,610 | .57 | 1,501 | .86 | 388 | 1.01 | | | 6 by 10 | 177 | 2 | 19.0 | 8.8 | 4,560 | .68 | 7,880 | .68 | 1,722 | .99 | 214 | .56 | | | 4 by 11 | 180 | 1 | 18.4 | 23.9 | 3,078 | .46 | 8,000 | .69 | 1,660 | .95 | 251 | .66 | | | 6 by 8 | 177 | 6 | 20.0 | 13.7 | 4,227 | .63 | 8,196 | .71 | 1,634 | .94 | 177 | .46 | | | 2 by 2 | 30 | 17 | 15.9 | 13.9 | 6,750 | 1.00 | 11,520 | 1.00 | 1,740 | 1.00 | 383 | 1.00 | | Douglas fir | 8 by 16 | 180 | 91 | 20.8 | 13.1 | 4,563 | .68 | 6,372 | .61 | 1,549 | .91 | 269 | .64 | | | 5 by 8 | 180 | 30 | 14.9 | 12.2 | 5,065 | .76 | 6,777 | .65 | 1,853 | 1.09 | 218 | .52 | | | 2 by 2 | 24 | 211 | 19.0 | 16.4 | 6,686 | 1.00 | 10,378 | 1.00 | 1,695 | 1.00 | 419 | 1.00 | | Shortleaf pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 3 | 17.0 | 12.3 | 4,220 | .54 | 6,030 | .50 | 1,517 | .85 | 398 | .98 | | | 8 by 14 | 180 | 3 | 16.0 | 12.3 | 4,253 | .55 | 5,347 | .44 | 1,757 | .98 | 307 | .76 | | | 8 by 12 | 180 | 7 | 16.0 | 12.4 | 5,051 | .65 | 7,331 | .60 | 1,803 | 1.01 | 361 | .89 | | | 5 by 8 | 180 | 6 | 12.2 | 22.5 | 7,123 | .92 | 9,373 | .77 | 1,985 | 1.11 | 301 | .74 | | | 2 by 2 | 30 | 67 | 14.2 | 13.7 | 7,780 | 1.00 | 12,120 | 1.00 | 1,792 | 1.00 | 404 | 1.00 | | Western larch | 8 by 16 | 180 | 23 | 18.3 | 21.9 | 3,343 | .57 | 5,440 | .53 | 1,409 | .90 | 349 | .96 | | | 8 by 12 | 180 | 29 | 17.8 | 23.4 | 3,631 | .62 | 6,186 | .60 | 1,549 | .99 | 295 | .81 | | | 5 by 8 | 180 | 10 | 13.6 | 27.6 | 4,730 | .80 | 7,258 | .71 | 1,620 | 1.04 | 221 | .61 | | | 2 by 2 | 30 | 240 | 16.1 | 26.8 | 5,880 | 1.00 | 10,254 | 1.00 | 1,564 | 1.00 | 364 | 1.00 | | Loblolly pine | 8 by 16 | 180 | 14 | 20.5 | 7.4 | 4,195 | .81 | 6,734 | .72 | 1,619 | 1.10 | 462 | 1.45 | | | 6 by 16 | 126 | 4 | 20.2 | 5.0 | 2,432 | .47 | 4,295 | .46 | 1,324 | .90 | 266 | .84 | | | 6 by 10 | 174 | 3 | 21.3 | 4.7 | 3,100 | .60 | 6,167 | .66 | 1,449 | .99 | 173 | .54 | | | 4 by 12 | 174 | 4 | 19.8 | 4.7 | 2,713 | .52 | 5,745 | .61 | 1,249 | .85 | 185 | .58 | | | 8 by 8 | 180 | 9 | 22.9 | 4.9 | 2,903 | .56 | 4,557 | .48 | 1,136 | .77 | 93 | .29 | | | 6 by 7 | 144 | 2 | 21.1 | 5.0 | 2,990 | .58 | 4,968 | .53 | 1,286 | .88 | 116 | .36 | | | 4 by 8 | 132 | 8 | 19.5 | 9.1 | 3,384 | .65 | 6,194 | .66 | 1,200 | .82 | 196 | .62 | | | 2 by 2 | 30 | 123 | 17.6 | 6.6 | 5,170 | 1.00 | 9,400 | 1.00 | 1,467 | 1.00 | 318 | 1.00 | | Tamarack | 6 by 12 | 162 | 5 | 23.0 | 15.1 | 3,434 | .45 | 5,640 | .43 | 1,330 | .82 | 318 | .75 | | | 4 by 10 | 162 | 4 | 14.4 | 9.7 | 4,100 | .54 | 5,320 | .41 | 1,386 | .84 | 252 | .59 | | | 2 by 2 | 30 | 47 | 11.3 | 16.2 | 7,630 | 1.00 | 13,080 | 1.00 | 1,620 | 1.00 | 425 | 1.00 | | Western hemlock | 8 by 16 | 180 | 44 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 4,398 | .69 | 6,420 | .62 | 1,737 | 1.04 | 406 | 1.06 | | | 2 by 2 | 28 | 311 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 6,333 | 1.00 | 10,369 | 1.00 | 1,666 | 1.00 | 382 | 1.00 | | Redwood | 8 by 16 | 180 | 6 | 26.3 | 22.4 | 3,797 | .79 | 4,428 | .57 | 1,107 | .96 | 294 | 1.05 | | | 6 by 12 | 180 | 6 | 16.1 | 17.7 | 3,175 | .66 | 3,353 | .43 | 728 | .64 | 167 | .60 | | | 7 by 9 | 180 | 6 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 3,280 | .69 | 4,002 | .51 | 1,104 | .96 | 147 | .53 | | | 3 by 14 | 180 | 6 | 13.1 | 24.4 | | | 5,033 | .64 | | | 291 | 1.04 | | | 2 by 12 | 180 | 5 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 3,928 | .82 | 5,336 | .68 | 1,249 | 1.09 | 260 | .93 | | | 2 by 10 | 180 | 5 | 13.8 | 24.8 | 3,757 | .79 | 4,606 | .59 | 1,198 | 1.05 | 186 | .67 | | | 2 by 8 | 180 | 6 | 13.7 | 20.7 | 4,314 | .90 | 5,050 | .65 | 1,313 | 1.15 | 166 | .60 | | | 2 by 2 | 28 | 122 | 15.2 | 18.8 | 4,777 | 1.00 | 7,798 | 1.00 | 1,146 | 1.00 | 279 | 1.00 | | Norway pine | 6 by 12 | 162 | 5 | 16.7 | 8.1 | 2,968 | .56 | 5,204 | .61 | 1,123 | .97 | 286 | 1.02 | | | 4 by 10 | 162 | 5 | 13.7 | 12.0 | 5,170 | .98 | 6,904 | .82 | 1,712 | 1.48 | 317 | 1.13 | | | 2 by 2 | 30 | 60 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 5,280 | 1.00 | 8,470 | 1.00 | 1,158 | 1.00 | 281 | 1.00 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | _Note.--Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:_ | | F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit. | | M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity. | | M. of R. = Modulus of rupture. | | Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit. | | Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | TABLE XXI TABLE XXI | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | COMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIAL | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Compression | Compression | Shear | | | parallel to grain | perpendicular to grain | | | |------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------| | | | | | Cr. | | Cr. | | | | | Cr. | | | | | Species | | | Per | str. | M. of | str. | | | | Per | str. | | Per | | | | Size of | No. | cent | at | E. | at max. | Stress | | No. | cent | at max. | No. | cent | Shear | | | specimen | of | of | E. L. | per | ld.,. | area | Height | of | of | ld., | of | of | strength | | | | tests | mois- | per | square | per | | | tests | mois- | per | tests | mois- | | | | | | ture | square | inch | square | | | | ture | square | | ture | | | | | | | inch | | inch | | | | | inch | | | |

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PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK The Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing Record, Samuel J. (Samuel James), 1881-1945primary

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