THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD INCLUDING A DISCUSSION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND METHODS OF TIMBER TESTING
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ith compressive stress over the section, the compressive stress being maximum at the section of greatest deflection on the concave side. The convex surface is under tension, as in an or
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er each square inch of area and the crushing strength is equal to the maximum load (P) divided { P } by the area of the cross-section (A). {
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be taken into consideration in the design of timber structures. It is maximum at the neutral plane and decreases to zero at the outer elements of the section. The shorter the span of a
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rupture until it has deformed considerably under loads at or near its maximum strength, or one which still hangs together after it has been ruptured and may be bent back and forth witho
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38 rings, and decreases rapidly from 38 to 47 rings. The strength at maximum load is not so great with the most rapid-growing wood; it is maximum with from 14 to 20 rings per inch, and
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rom the better situation, and were superior in toughness, the work to maximum load being 36.8 as against 31.2 for pignut. The trees had about twice as many rings per inch as others from
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otnote a: It will be noted that the temperature was 230°. This is the maximum | | temperature by the maximum-temperature recording thermometer, and is due to the handling | | of
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ighing beam is kept balanced after the yield point is reached and the maximum load, and at least one point beyond it, noted. _Log of the test_: The proper log sheet for this test consi
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ain diagram is continued to at least one deformation point beyond the maximum load, and in event of sudden failure, the direction of the curve beyond the maximum point is indicated. A b
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nd the movable head of the static machine and pulled in two. Only the maximum load was recorded. (See Fig. 46, No. 1.) [Illustration: FIG. 46.--Designs of tension test specimens used i
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size shown in Fig. 45. The apparatus will be as shown in Fig. 44. The maximum load only will be taken and the result expressed in pounds per inch of width. The speed of the moving head
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| | Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. | |-----------------
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| | Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. | |-----------------
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See also _ibid._, Vol. LXX, p. 37. GRISARD, JULES, et VANDENBERGHE, MAXIMILIEN: Les bois industriels, indigènes et exotiques; synonymie et description des espèces, propriétés physique
Dresden, Berlin, and Vienna, for the purpose of adopting uniform
methods for testing construction materials with regard to their
mechanical properties. By J. Bauschinger. Translated by O.M.
Carter and E.A. Gieseler. 1896, pp. 44.
War Dept. Doc. 11. On tests of construction materials.
Translations from the French and from the German. By O.M. Carter
and E.A. Gieseler. 1896, pp. 84.
House Doc. No. 181, 55th Cong., 3d sess. Report upon the
forestry investigations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
1877-1898. By B.E. Fernow, 1899, pp. 401. Contains chapter on
The work in timber physics in the Division of Forestry, by
Filibert Roth, pp. 330-395.
FOREST SERVICE
Cir. 7--The Government timber tests [189-], pp. 4.
Cir. 8--Strength of "boxed" or "turpentine" timber. 1892, pp. 4.
Bul. 6--Timber Physics. Pt. I. Preliminary report. 1. Need of
the investigation. 2. Scope and historical development of the
science of "timber physics." 3. Organization and methods of
timber examinations in the Division of Forestry. By B.E. Fernow,
1892, pp. 57.
Unnumbered Cir.--Instructions for the collection of test pieces
of pines for timber investigations [1893], pp. 4.
Cir. 9--Effect of turpentine gathering on the timber of longleaf
pine. By B.E. Fernow [1893], p. 1.
Bul. 8--Timber physics. Pt. II. Progress report. Results of
investigations on longleaf pine. 1893, pp. 92.
Bul. 10--Timber: an elementary discussion of the characteristics
and properties of wood. By Filibert Roth. 1895, pp. 88.
Bul. 12--Economical designing of timber trestle bridges. By A.L.
Johnson, 1896, pp. 57.
Cir. 12--Southern pine, mechanical and physical properties.
1896, pp. 12.
Cir. 15--Summary of mechanical tests on thirty-two species of
American woods. 1897, pp. 12.
Cir. 18--Progress in timber physics. 1898, pp. 20.
Cir. 19--Progress in timber physics: Bald cypress (_Taxodium
distichum_). By Filibert Roth, 1898, pp. 24.
Y.B. Extr. 288--Tests on the physical properties of woods. By
F.E. Olmstead, 1902, pp. 533-538.
Unnumbered Cir.--Timber tests. [1903], pp. 15.
Unnumbered Cir.--Timber preservation and timber testing at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 1904, pp. 6.
Cir. 32--Progress report on the strength of structural timber.
By W.K. Hatt, 1904, pp. 28.
Bul. 58--The red gum. By Alfred Chittenden. Includes a
discussion of The mechanical properties of red gum wood, by W.K.
Hatt. 1905, pp. 56.
Cir. 38--Instructions to engineers of timber tests. By W.K.
Hatt, 1906, pp. 55. Revised edition, 1909, pp. 56.
Cir. 39--Experiments on the strength of treated timber. By W.K.
Hatt, 1906, pp. 31. Revised edition, 1908.
Bul. 70--Effect of moisture upon the strength and stiffness of
wood. By H.D. Tiemann, 1906, pp. 144.
Cir. 46--Holding force of railroad spikes in wooden ties. By
W.K. Hatt, 1906, pp. 7.
Cir. 47--Strength of packing boxes of various woods. By W.K.
Hatt, 1906, pp. 7.
Cir. 108--The strength of wood as influenced by moisture. By
H.D. Tiemann, 1907, pp. 42.
Cir. 115--Second progress report on the strength of structural
timber. By W.K. Hatt, 1907, pp. 39.
Cir. 142--Tests of vehicle and implement woods. By H.B. Holroyd
and H.S. Betts, 1908, pp. 29.
Cir. 146--Experiments with railway cross-ties. By H.B. Eastman,
1908, pp. 32.
Cir. 179--Utilization of California eucalypts. By H.S. Betts and
C. Stowell Smith, 1910, pp. 30.
Bul. 75--California tanbark oak. Part II, Utilization of the
wood of tanbark oak, by H.S. Betts, 1911, pp. 24-32.
Bul. 88--Properties and uses of Douglas fir. By McGarvey Cline
and J.B. Knapp, 1911, pp. 75.
Cir. 189--Strength values for structural timbers. By McGarvey
Cline, 1912, pp. 8.
Cir. 193--Mechanical properties of redwood. By A.L. Heim, 1912,
pp. 32.
Bul. 108--Tests of structural timbers. By McGarvey Cline and
A.L. Heim, 1912, pp. 1231.
Bul. 112--Fire-killed Douglas fir: a study of its rate of
deterioration, usability, and strength. By J.B. Knapp, 1912, pp.
18.
Bul. 115--Mechanical properties of western hemlock. By O.P.M.
Goss, 1913, pp. 45.
Bul. 122--Mechanical properties of western larch. By O.P.M.
Goss, 1913, pp. 45.
Cir. 213--Mechanical properties of woods grown in the United
States. 1913, pp. 4.
Cir. 214--Tests of packing boxes of various forms. By John A.
Newlin, 1913, pp. 23.
Review Forest Service Investigations. 1913. [Outline of
investigations.] Vol. I, pp. 17-21. A microscopic study of the
mechanical failure of wood, by Warren D. Brush. Vol. II, pp.
33-38.
Bul. 67, U.S.D.A.--Tests of Rocky Mountain woods for telephone
poles. By Norman deW. Betts and A.L. Heim, 1914, pp. 28.
Bul. 77, U.S.D.A.--Rocky Mountain mine timbers. By Norman deW.
Betts, 1914, pp. 34.
Bul. 86, U.S.D.A.--Tests of wooden barrels. By J.A. Newlin,
1914, pp. 12.
REPORTS OF TESTS ON THE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL, MADE AT
THE WATERTOWN ARSENAL, MASS.
House Ex. Doc. No. 12, 47th Cong., 1st sess., 1882. Strength of
wood grown on the Pacific slope, pp. 19-93.
Senate Ex. Doc. No. 1, 47th Cong., 2d sess., 1883. Resistance of
white and yellow pines to forces of compression in the direction
of the fibers, as used for columns, or posts, pp. 239-395.
Senate Ex. Doc. No. 5, 48th Cong., 1st sess., 1884. Tests of
California laurel wood by compression, indentation, shearing,
transverse tension, pp. 223-236. Tests of North American woods
(under supervision of Prof. C.S. Sargent in charge of the
forestry division of the Tenth Census), with 16 photographs of
fractures of American woods, pp. 237-347.
Senate Ex. Doc. No. 35, 49th Cong., 1st sess., 1885. Adhesion of
nails, spikes, and screws in various woods. Experiments on the
resistance of cut nails, wire nails (steel), wood screws, lag
screws in white pine, yellow pine, chestnut, white oak, and
laurel, pp. 448-471.
House Ex. Doc. No. 14, 51st Cong., 1st sess., 1890. Adhesion of
spikes and bolts in railroad ties, pp. 595-617.
House Ex. Doc. No. 161, 52d Cong., 1st sess., 1892. Adhesion of
nails in wood, pp. 744-745.
House Ex. Doc. No. 92, 53d Cong., 3d sess., 1895.
Woods--compression tests (endwise compression), pp. 471-476.
House Doc. No. 54, 54th Cong., 1st sess., 1896. Compression
tests on Douglas fir wood, pp. 536-563. Expansion and
contraction of oak and pine wood, pp. 567-574.
House Doc. No. 164, 55th Cong., 2d sess., 1898. Compression
tests of timber posts, pp. 405-411. New posts of yellow pine and
spruce, pp. 413-450; Old yellow pine posts from Boston Fire
Brick Co. building, No. 394 Federal St., Boston, Mass., pp.
451-473.
House Doc. No. 143, 55th Cong., 3d sess., 1899. Fire-proofed
wood (endwise and transverse tests), pp. 676-681.
House Doc. No. 190, 56th Cong., 2d sess., 1901. Cypress wood for
United States Engineer Corps; compression and transverse tests,
pp. 1121-1126. Old white pine and red oak from roof trusses of
Old South Church, Boston, Mass., pp. 1127-1130. Compression of
rubber, balata, and wood buffers, pp. 1149-1158.
House Doc. No. 335, 57th Cong., 2d sess., 1903. Douglas fir and
white oak woods. Transverse and shearing tests; also
observations on heat conductivity of sticks over wood fires and
a stick exposed to low temperature. Expansion crosswise the
grain of wood after submersion, pp. 519-561. Adhesion of lag
screws and bolts in wood, pp. 563-578.
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The Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties, and Methods of Timber Testing
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