TOMATO PRODUCTS: PULP, KETCHUP, AND CHILI SAUCE TEXT

of specific gravity when it is believed that the desired concentration has been reached, and if it is found to be underconcentrated, continue the evaporation for a length of time which experience has indicated to be necessary. Neither of these methods of operating is satisfactory. They involve a great deal of work and the concentration of the product obtained is not sufficiently uniform. Moreover, the determination of specific gravity of hot pulp is very inaccurate (see p. 44). A method of employing a gauge stick is believed to be simpler and more practicable. Some manufacturers who desire to work with the simplest possible methods, even at the sacrifice of a high degree of control over the concentration of their products, measure the volume of cyclone juice introduced into the evaporating tank; and when it is believed that the concentration is sufficient, measure the depth of the evaporated product in the tank, the steam being momentarily turned off for that purpose and the measurement being taken after the foam subsides. This method was outlined in detail in a trade paper article published from this laboratory in 1918. The method is somewhat inaccurate, because it is based on the measurement of cyclone juice as it flows from the cyclone and which therefore contains a large amount of air. This air materially increases the volume of the pulp and consequently the amount of finished pulp calculated from the volume of cyclone juice containing this air is greater than can actually be obtained. Some manufacturers of pulp have found the method practicable, however, by making a correction based on factory experience on the amount of pulp which the method indicates should result from the evaporation of each bath. This method also calls for the use of measuring tanks, which many manufacturers do not have and do not care to provide. The method is therefore not repeated here, but the laboratory has a number of reprints of the trade paper article which are available to any who desire more detailed information regarding the matter. The following method has been found more accurate and more convenient than the one mentioned above. It has the special advantage that it is based on the examination of the cyclone juice after the juice has been heated to a sufficient extent to “break” the foam. In using this method, the manner in which the cyclone juice is prepared is immaterial. The tomatoes may be broken by steam or mechanical breaker and may be cycloned hot or cold. The steam may be turned into the coils as soon as they are covered and the cyclone juice may run into the evaporating tank until the tank is filled. Finally, when the last of the cyclone juice is added and the contents of the tank are boiling vigorously, the steam is momentarily turned off. The volume is then determined by means of a gauge stick and a sample is withdrawn, filtered and the specific gravity or degrees Brix determined as described on page 50. The extent to which evaporation must be continued to secure pulp of the desired specific gravity is determined by Table 9. This table gives in the first four columns the specific gravity of the partially concentrated pulp taken from the evaporating tank, the per cent of solids of the same, the specific gravity of the filtrate and the Brix reading of the filtrate. In order to use the tables, it is only necessary to make use of one of these columns. This method of operation can be simplified and more accurate results obtained by equipping each evaporating tank with a one-inch gage glass extending the full height of the tank. The gage glass should be open at the top and connected with the bottom of the tank by a pipe equipped with a valve. Before the tank is filled with cyclone juice the valve is turned off and the gage glass filled with water. Steam is turned on as soon as the pipes are covered and the foam is “broken” quickly without trouble that was experienced in heating the tank filled with cool pulp. The heat is continued while the tank is filled to the desired height with the pulp. The steam is then momentarily turned off and the valve at the top of the gage glass opened to permit the water in the gage glass to equalize in height with the partly concentrated pulp within the tank. The height of water in the gage glass is read by a scale attached, the sample of the pulp taken for examination and the steam again turned on. There is ample time to determine the specific gravity of the sample of partly concentrated pulp and from its volume as obtained by the gage glass to calculate the volume to which the pulp should be evaporated to secure the desired specific gravity in the finished product. The specific gravity of the sample may be taken by any of the methods described in the chapter on “Determination of specific gravity.” More accurate results can be obtained by pouring the sample of pulp as soon as it is taken into a large loosely stoppered flask and holding the flask with constant agitation in a tub of ice water until it is brought to about the temperature of the room. Having determined the volume (when heated to the boiling point) of a batch of cyclone juice or of pulp at any stage of its manufacture and its specific gravity (at 68° F.), each of the last five columns of the table gives a factor by which the volume of the partially evaporated pulp may be multiplied to determine the volume of pulp of the specific gravity given at the top of the column. Since both measurements are taken at the boiling point the question of temperature need not be considered. Table 8.—_Corrections for Specific Gravity and Brix_[19] _Readings at Different Temperatures to 68 Degrees F._ (_20 Degrees C._) Corrections to be subtracted from specific gravity or degrees Brix. ===============+============= Temperature | Corrections -------+-------+-------+----- Deg. F.|Deg. C.|Sp. Gr.|Brix. -------+-------+-------+----- 50 | 10.0 | .0017 | .38 51 | 10.6 | .0016 | .36 52 | 11.1 | .0016 | .35 53 | 11.7 | .0015 | .33 54 | 12.2 | .0014 | .31 | | | 55 | 12.8 | .0014 | .30 56 | 13.3 | .0013 | .28 57 | 13.9 | .0012 | .26 58 | 14.4 | .0011 | .24 | | | 59 | 15.0 | .0010 | .22 60 | 15.6 | .0009 | .20 61 | 16.1 | .0009 | .18 62 | 16.7 | .0008 | .16 63 | 17.2 | .0007 | .13 | | | 64 | 17.8 | .0006 | .11 65 | 18.3 | .0004 | .08 66 | 18.9 | .0003 | .05 67 | 19.4 | .0002 | .03 69 | 20.6 | .0002 | .03 70 | 21.1 | .0003 | .05 71 | 21.7 | .0004 | .08 72 | 22.2 | .0006 | .11 73 | 22.8 | .0007 | .15 | | | 74 | 23.3 | .0009 | .18 75 | 23.9 | .0011 | .21 76 | 24.4 | .0012 | .24 77 | 25.0 | .0013 | .28 78 | 25.6 | .0015 | .32 | | | 79 | 26.1 | .0017 | .35 80 | 26.7 | .0018 | .39 81 | 27.2 | .0019 | .42 82 | 27.8 | .0021 | .46 83 | 28.3 | .0023 | .49 | | | 84 | 28.9 | .0024 | .54 85 | 29.4 | .0026 | .58 86 | 30.0 | .0027 | .62 87 | 30.6 | .0029 | .66 88 | 31.1 | .0031 | .70 -------+-------+-------+----- [19] These temperature corrections are for a Brix instrument standardized for 20°C. There are Brix hydrometers on the market standardized for 17.5°C. Temperature corrections for a Brix hydrometer standardized at this temperature may be obtained by correcting to 20° by means of the above table (for instrument graduated at 20°C.) and adding to this corrected reading 0.12. For instance suppose the reading for a 17.5° instrument is 7.00 at 25°C. The correction from the above table will be .28 or a total of 7.28. Adding .12 to this gives a corrected reading of 7.40. If the reading is 7.00 at 15°C. the correction from the above table amounts to .22 (to be subtracted) giving 6.78. Adding 0.12 to this gives the corrected reading of 6.90. TABLE 9.—_Equivalent Volumes of Pulp of Different Degrees of Concentration_ ======================================================================== | | Factor by which to multiply volume of Tomato pulp | Filtrate | pulp of given specific gravity to | from pulp | ascertain volume of pulp with | | equivalent solid content and with | | specific gravity of --------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Specific| Per |Specific|Degrees| | | | | gravity | cent |gravity | Brix | | | | | at |solids | at | at | 1.030 | 1.035 | 1.040 | 1.045 | 1.050 68° F. | | 68° F.| 68° F.| | | | | --------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- 1.0125 | 2.79 | 1.0108 | 2.78 | .384 | .326 | .283 | .249 | .223 1.0130 | 2.92 | 1.0113 | 2.89 | .402 | .342 | .296 | .261 | .234 1.0135 | 3.05 | 1.0118 | 3.02 | .420 | .357 | .310 | .273 | .244 1.0140 | 3.17 | 1.0123 | 3.14 | .437 | .372 | .323 | .285 | .255 1.0145 | 3.30 | 1.0128 | 3.27 | .455 | .388 | .336 | .297 | .265 | | | | | | | | 1.0150 | 3.42 | 1.0133 | 3.40 | .472 | .401 | .348 | .306 | .274 1.0155 | 3.54 | 1.0138 | 3.51 | .489 | .416 | .361 | .318 | .284 1.0160 | 3.67 | 1.0143 | 3.65 | .507 | .431 | .374 | .329 | .294 1.0165 | 3.79 | 1.0148 | 3.77 | .524 | .445 | .387 | .341 | .304 1.0170 | 3.92 | 1.0153 | 3.90 | .542 | .460 | .400 | .352 | .315 | | | | | | | | 1.0175 | 4.05 | 1.0158 | 4.03 | .560 | .476 | .413 | .364 | .325 1.0180 | 4.18 | 1.0163 | 4.15 | .579 | .491 | .426 | .375 | .335 1.0185 | 4.30 | 1.0168 | 4.28 | .596 | .506 | .440 | .387 | .346 1.0190 | 4.43 | 1.0173 | 4.40 | .614 | .521 | .452 | .399 | .356 1.0195 | 4.56 | 1.0178 | 4.53 | .632 | .537 | .466 | .410 | .367 | | | | | | | | 1.0200 | 4.68 | 1.0182 | 4.63 | .649 | .551 | .478 | .421 | .377 1.0205 | 4.81 | 1.0188 | 4.77 | .667 | .566 | .491 | .433 | .387 1.0210 | 4.93 | 1.0192 | 4.87 | .684 | .581 | .504 | .444 | .398 1.0215 | 5.05 | 1.0196 | 4.97 | .701 | .596 | .517 | .456 | .407 1.0220 | 5.17 | 1.0201 | 5.10 | .718 | .610 | .529 | .467 | .417 | | | | | | | | 1.0225 | 5.30 | 1.0206 | 5.22 | .737 | .625 | .543 | .479 | .428 1.0230 | 5.43 | 1.0211 | 5.35 | .755 | .641 | .556 | .490 | .438 1.0235 | 5.55 | 1.0216 | 5.47 | .772 | .656 | .569 | .502 | .448 1.0240 | 5.67 | 1.0220 | 5.57 | .789 | .671 | .582 | .513 | .459 1.0245 | 5.80 | 1.0226 | 5.72 | .808 | .686 | .595 | .525 | .469 | | | | | | | | 1.0250 | 5.92 | 1.0230 | 5.82 | .825 | .701 | .608 | .536 | .479 1.0255 | 6.04 | 1.0235 | 5.94 | .842 | .715 | .620 | .547 | .489 1.0260 | 6.16 | 1.0240 | 6.07 | .859 | .729 | .633 | .558 | .499 1.0265 | 6.28 | 1.0244 | 6.17 | .876 | .744 | .646 | .569 | .509 1.0270 | 6.40 | 1.0249 | 6.29 | .894 | .759 | .658 | .580 | .519 | | | | | | | | 1.0275 | 6.53 | 1.0254 | 6.43 | .912 | .775 | .672 | .592 | .529 1.0280 | 6.65 | 1.0258 | 6.53 | .930 | .789 | .685 | .604 | .539 1.0285 | 6.77 | 1.0263 | 6.65 | .947 | .804 | .697 | .615 | .549 1.0290 | 6.90 | 1.0268 | 6.78 | .965 | .819 | .711 | .626 | .560 1.0295 | 7.02 | 1.0273 | 6.90 | .983 | .834 | .724 | .638 | .570 | | | | | | | | 1.0300 | 7.14 | 1.0278 | 7.03 | 1.000 | .849 | .737 | .649 | .580 1.0305 | 7.26 | 1.0282 | 7.13 | 1.017 | .864 | .749 | .660 | .590 1.0310 | 7.38 | 1.0287 | 7.23 | 1.035 | .878 | .762 | .672 | .600 1.0315 | 7.50 | 1.0292 | 7.35 | 1.052 | .893 | .775 | .683 | .610 1.0320 | 7.63 | 1.0296 | 7.45 | 1.071 | .908 | .788 | .695 | .621 | | | | | | | | 1.0325 | 7.75 | 1.0301 | 7.58 | 1.088 | .924 | .802 | .706 | .631 1.0330 | 7.88 | 1.0306 | 7.70 | 1.107 | .939 | .815 | .718 | .642 1.0335 | 8.00 | 1.0310 | 7.80 | 1.124 | .954 | .828 | .730 | .652 1.0340 | 8.12 | 1.0315 | 7.93 | 1.142 | .970 | .842 | .742 | .663 1.0345 | 8.25 | 1.0320 | 8.05 | 1.160 | .985 | .855 | .753 | .673 | | | | | | | | 1.0350 | 8.37 | 1.0325 | 8.16 | 1.178 | 1.000 | .868 | .765 | .684 1.0355 | 8.50 | 1.0330 | 8.27 | 1.197 | 1.016 | .882 | .777 | .695 1.0360 | 8.62 | 1.0334 | 8.37 | 1.214 | 1.031 | .895 | .788 | .705 1.0365 | 8.74 | 1.0339 | 8.50 | 1.232 | 1.046 | .907 | .800 | .715 1.0370 | 8.86 | 1.0344 | 8.63 | 1.249 | 1.061 | .920 | .811 | .725 | | | | | | | | 1.0375 | 8.98 | 1.0349 | 8.75 | 1.267 | 1.076 | .933 | .823 | .735 1.0380 | 9.10 | 1.0353 | 8.85 | 1.284 | 1.091 | .947 | .834 | .746 1.0385 | 9.23 | 1.0358 | 8.97 | 1.303 | 1.106 | .960 | .846 | .756 1.0390 | 9.35 | 1.0363 | 9.07 | 1.321 | 1.122 | .974 | .858 | .767 1.0395 | 9.48 | 1.0368 | 9.20 | 1.340 | 1.138 | .987 | .870 | .778 | | | | | | | | 1.0400 | 9.60 | 1.0372 | 9.30 | 1.358 | 1.153 | 1.000 | .881 | .788 1.0405 | 9.73 | 1.0378 | 9.45 | 1.377 | 1.168 | 1.014 | .893 | .799 1.0410 | 9.85 | 1.0383 | 9.57 | 1.394 | 1.184 | 1.027 | .905 | .809 1.0415 | 9.97 | 1.0387 | 9.67 | 1.412 | 1.199 | 1.041 | .917 | .820 1.0420 | 10.10 | 1.0393 | 9.80 | 1.431 | 1.215 | 1.054 | .929 | .830 | | | | | | | | 1.0425 | 10.22 | 1.0397 | 9.90 | 1.449 | 1.230 | 1.067 | .941 | .841 1.0430 | 10.35 | 1.0402 | 10.03 | 1.468 | 1.246 | 1.081 | .953 | .851 1.0435 | 10.47 | 1.0406 | 10.13 | 1.486 | 1.261 | 1.094 | .964 | .862 1.0440 | 10.60 | 1.0411 | 10.25 | 1.505 | 1.277 | 1.108 | .976 | .873 1.0445 | 10.72 | 1.0416 | 10.36 | 1.523 | 1.293 | 1.122 | .988 | .884 | | | | | | | | 1.0450 | 10.84 | 1.0420 | 10.45 | 1.540 | 1.308 | 1.135 | 1.000 | .894 1.0455 | 10.96 | 1.0425 | 10.57 | 1.558 | 1.322 | 1.148 | 1.012 | .904 1.0460 | 11.08 | 1.0429 | 10.67 | 1.576 | 1.338 | 1.161 | 1.023 | .915 1.0465 | 11.20 | 1.0435 | 10.83 | 1.594 | 1.353 | 1.174 | 1.035 | .925 1.0470 | 11.33 | 1.0440 | 10.93 | 1.613 | 1.369 | 1.188 | 1.047 | .936 | | | | | | | | 1.0475 | 11.45 | 1.0445 | 11.05 | 1.631 | 1.384 | 1.201 | 1.059 | .946 1.0480 | 11.57 | 1.0449 | 11.15 | 1.649 | 1.400 | 1.215 | 1.071 | .957 1.0485 | 11.70 | 1.0454 | 11.27 | 1.668 | 1.416 | 1.229 | 1.083 | .968 1.0490 | 11.82 | 1.0459 | 11.40 | 1.686 | 1.432 | 1.243 | 1.095 | .979 1.0495 | 11.95 | 1.0465 | 11.53 | 1.705 | 1.449 | 1.256 | 1.107 | .990 | | | | | | | | 1.0500 | 12.07 | 1.0468 | 11.60 | 1.724 | 1.464 | 1.270 | 1.119 | 1.00 1.0505 | 12.20 | 1.0474 | 11.75 | 1.743 | 1.479 | 1.284 | 1.131 | 1.01 1.0510 | 12.32 | 1.0478 | 11.84 | 1.761 | 1.495 | 1.298 | 1.144 | 1.02 1.0515 | 12.45 | 1.0482 | 11.93 | 1.780 | 1.511 | 1.311 | 1.156 | 1.03 1.0520 | 12.57 | 1.0488 | 12.07 | 1.797 | 1.526 | 1.325 | 1.167 | 1.04 | | | | | | | | 1.0525 | 12.69 | 1.0492 | 12.17 | 1.816 | 1.542 | 1.338 | 1.179 | 1.05 1.0530 | 12.81 | 1.0497 | 12.30 | 1.834 | 1.557 | 1.351 | 1.191 | 1.06 1.0535 | 12.93 | 1.0502 | 12.40 | 1.852 | 1.572 | 1.364 | 1.203 | 1.07 1.0540 | 13.05 | 1.0506 | 12.50 | 1.870 | 1.588 | 1.378 | 1.215 | 1.08 1.0545 | 13.18 | 1.0512 | 12.65 | 1.890 | 1.604 | 1.392 | 1.227 | 1.09 | | | | | | | | 1.0550 | 13.30 | 1.0516 | 12.74 | 1.908 | 1.620 | 1.405 | 1.239 | 1.10 1.0555 | 13.42 | 1.0520 | 12.83 | 1.926 | 1.635 | 1.419 | 1.250 | 1.11 1.0560 | 13.55 | 1.0525 | 12.95 | 1.945 | 1.651 | 1.433 | 1.263 | 1.12 1.0565 | 13.67 | 1.0529 | 13.05 | 1.964 | 1.667 | 1.447 | 1.275 | 1.14 1.0570 | 13.80 | 1.0534 | 13.16 | 1.983 | 1.684 | 1.461 | 1.288 | 1.15 --------+-------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+----- TABLE 10.—_Specific Gravity and Solids of Tomato Pulp_[20] =========+========== Specific | Per cent gravity | solids at 68° F.|_in vacuo_ |at 70° C. ---------+---------- 1.0145 | 3.30 1.0150 | 3.42 1.0155 | 3.55 1.0160 | 3.67 1.0165 | 3.80 | 1.0170 | 3.92 1.0175 | 4.05 1.0180 | 4.18 1.0185 | 4.30 1.0190 | 4.43 | 1.0195 | 4.56 1.0200 | 4.68 1.0205 | 4.81 1.0210 | 4.93 1.0215 | 5.05 | 1.0220 | 5.17 1.0225 | 5.30 1.0230 | 5.43 1.0235 | 5.55 1.0240 | 5.67 | 1.0245 | 5.80 1.0250 | 5.92 1.0255 | 6.04 1.0260 | 6.16 1.0265 | 6.28 | 1.0270 | 6.40 1.0275 | 6.53 1.0280 | 6.65 1.0285 | 6.77 1.0290 | 6.90 | 1.0295 | 7.02 1.0300 | 7.14 1.0305 | 7.26 1.0310 | 7.38 1.0315 | 7.50 | 1.0320 | 7.63 1.0325 | 7.75 1.0330 | 7.88 1.0335 | 8.00 1.0340 | 8.12 | 1.0345 | 8.25 1.0350 | 8.37 1.0355 | 8.50 1.0360 | 8.62 1.0365 | 8.74 | 1.0370 | 8.86 1.0375 | 8.98 1.0380 | 9.10 1.0385 | 9.23 1.0390 | 9.35 | 1.0395 | 9.48 1.0400 | 9.60 1.0405 | 9.73 1.0410 | 9.85 1.0415 | 9.97 | 1.0420 | 10.10 1.0425 | 10.22 1.0430 | 10.35 1.0435 | 10.47 1.0440 | 10.60 | 1.0445 | 10.72 1.0450 | 10.84 1.0455 | 10.96 1.0460 | 11.08 1.0465 | 11.20 | 1.0470 | 11.33 1.0475 | 11.45 1.0480 | 11.57 1.0485 | 11.70 1.0490 | 11.82 | 1.0495 | 11.95 1.0500 | 12.07 1.0505 | 12.20 1.0510 | 12.32 1.0515 | 12.45 | 1.0520 | 12.57 1.0525 | 12.69 1.0530 | 12.81 1.0535 | 12.93 1.0540 | 13.05 | 1.0545 | 13.18 1.0550 | 13.30 1.0555 | 13.42 1.0560 | 13.55 1.0565 | 13.67 | 1.0570 | 13.80 1.0575 | 13.92 1.0580 | 14.05 1.0585 | 14.17 1.0590 | 14.29 | 1.0595 | 14.42 1.0600 | 14.54 1.0605 | 14.67 1.0610 | 14.79 1.0620 | 15.03