Not only had the medieval form largely disappeared by the end of the 18th century, but so had the ancient lever-wedge method of fastening the bit in the stock, a device replaced by ...
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An eighteenth-century distiller's manual covering fermentation, stills and the making of spirits and strong waters.
A seventeenth-century discourse on salad greens, herbs and the kitchen garden, with recipes and household directions.
The great nineteenth-century vegetable catalogue: varieties, culture and history of the field and garden crops of America.
A nineteenth-century trade manual on dry-salting, pickling, potting and preserving meat, game and fish.
A practical growing guide: soil, seed, transplanting, staking, harvesting and the varieties grown in the United States at the turn of the century.
... From these plates can be seen the progression of the bitstock toward its ultimate perfection in the late 19th century. (Andre-Jacob Roubo, _L'Art du menuisier_, 1769.)] [Illustration: Figure 38.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY ...
The decorative motifs that characterized European tools of the 17th and 18th centuries obscured technical improvement. By contrast, in England and America, tools gained distinction through the directness of their design. Following English patterns ...
... Although wood-bodied planes continued to be used, they were outdated and in fact anachronistic by the close of the 19th century. From the 1870's forward, it was the iron-bodied plane, most ...
1600-1900 This history of woodworking hand tools from the 17th to the 20th century is one of a very gradual evolution of tools through generations of craftsmen. As a result, the sources of ...
... Designed for convenience, few tools illustrate better the aesthetic of the purely functional than this pair of 19th-century American calipers. [Illustration: Figure 20.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: THE DOUBLE CALIPERS of the woodturner permitted ...
... Figure 15.--18TH CENTURY: Cabinetmaker's dividers of English origin. (Private collection. Smithsonian photo 49789-B.)] [Illustration: Figure 16.--1783: CABINETMAKER'S dividers of English manufacture, dated, and marked T. Pearmain. See detail, figure ...
... In a like manner, the 18th-century bitstock of Flemish origin (fig. 46), the English cabinetmaker's bevel of the same century (fig. 47), and the compass saw (accession 61.52, fig. 48) capture ...
... The change in the wooden bench plane can be followed from the early 17th century through its standardization at the end of the 18th century. Examine first the planes as drawn in the 1630 ...
... It is the same reaction that prompted artists to use tools as vehicles to help convey lessons in perspective, a frequent practice in 19th-century art manuals. The harmony of related parts--the balance ...
English tool design in the 18th century also influenced the continental toolmakers. This can be seen in figure 39 in a transitional-type bitstock (accession 319556) from the Low Countries. Adopting an English shape ...
... Cattle were then comparatively neglected and for some centuries injuriously so. Their numbers diminished, and their size also seems to have diminished; and it is only within the last century and a half that ...
... Figure 45.--19TH CENTURY: THE UPHOLSTERER'S HAMMER is an unknown; it is not dated, its maker is anonymous, as is its user. It is of American origin, yet of a style that might ...
... THE DESIGN OF the rabbet plane, used to cut a groove of fixed width and depth on the edge of a board, was not improved upon in the 19th century. The carpenter's dependence ...
... This is difficult for the modern reader to even visualize, after the late 19th century development of conformation norms for all breeds of animal. Notable for a description of horse raising and use among ...
... Figure 52.--19TH CENTURY: THE AMERICAN AXE WAS UNEXCELLED in design and ease of use. European observers praised it as distinctly American. At the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 Collins and Company of New York ...
... The disease, in its various manifestations, has been known for many centuries, and legislative enactments having reference to the destruction of affected animals and forbidding the use of the flesh date far back into ...
... Although known to the Eastern Hemisphere since the dawn of history, cattle are not native to the Western Hemisphere, but were introduced into America during the sixteenth century. Cortez, Ponce de Leon, De Soto ...
... In contrast to the onion of Egyptian lore and the cucumber reputed to have been used in Western Asia many centuries ago, the tomato is not reported until the herbalists of the 16th century ...
... With slave labour, certainly with negro slave labour, the experience of American cotton planters in the nineteenth century very nearly confirmed this requirement, but one of the economic advantages of the abolition of slavery ...
We may therefore conclude that all ancient mounds, when not formed of materials unfavourable to worms, will have been somewhat lowered in the course of centuries, although their inclinations may not have been greatly ...
... Figure 11.--EARLY 19TH CENTURY: THE ADVERTISEMENTS OF TOOLMAKERS indicated the diversity of production. The Castle Hill Works at Sheffield offered to gentlemen 20 choices of tool chests designed to appeal to a wide ...
... By the beginning of the second century B.C. the fever seems to have become endemic. Plautus and Terence both mention it and Cato (CLVII) describes its symptoms unmistakably. In his book on the ...
... In the last quarter of the 19th century the tool catalogue replaced Moxon, Duhamel, Diderot, and the builders' manuals as the primary source for the study and identification of hand tools. The Centennial had ...
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