SPECIAL REPORT ON DISEASES OF CATTLE
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re in woods, they may be bitten in the lips by insects or serpents. _Symptoms._--As a result of a contusion the lips become thick and swollen, and if treatment is neglected the swell
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form not infrequently in the pharynx, and may give rise to a train of symptoms varying according to their size and location. The tumor may be so situated that by shifting its position
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the blood; but these manifestations of sickness are to be regarded as symptoms of some constitutional disorder and do not in themselves require treatment. The treatment should be appl
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_Symptoms._--Dullness; drooping of the ears; dryness of the muzzle; dry skin; staring coat; loins morbidly sensiti
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while fighting each other may also give rise to peritoneal hernia. _Symptoms._--The ox suddenly becomes very restless, stamps with his feet, moves backward and forward, hurriedly li
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e agent is taken into the stomach in poisonous quantities, a group of symptoms is developed which is common to all. The tissues with which the agent comes in contact are destroyed, sl
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symptoms increase; in a few hours violent diarrhea is developed; in many cases blood and shreds of detached mucou
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ikely to occur except as they are eaten in considerable quantities. _Symptoms._--The symptoms of oak poisoning are constipation, mucus and blood in the feces, emaciation, and edema.
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lammation of the areolar tissue, gangrene, and extensive sloughing. _Symptoms._--The symptoms of snake bite are a local swelling caused by an intense local inflammation, pricks showi
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of the inflammation it caused were plainly to be seen. All manner of symptoms may precede those showing involvement of the heart, depending upon the location of the foreign body and
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n, in making his diagnosis, is aided by both subjective and objective symptoms, but the veterinary physician, in a very large majority of cases, is obliged to rely almost solely upon
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d, or capillary bronchitis when the trouble is in the smaller ones. _Symptoms._--Loss of appetite, elevation of temperature, generally 104∞ or 105∞ F. The inspiration is incomplete,
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is often studied in two divisions--the cerebrospinal division and the sympathetic division. The cerebrospinal division consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. The
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araplegia, or paralysis of the rear part of the body, is the dominant symptom in congestion or inflammation of the spinal cord. The cause is not known, but the disease is probably due
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of a catheter is an operation which demands special skill. _General symptoms of urinary disorders._--These are not so prominent in cattle as in horses, yet they are of a similar kin
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nstration that they were the cause of disease. In certain cases the _symptoms_ of nephritis are very manifest, and in others so hidden that the existence of the affection can be cert
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of health. This classification affords no guide to their location or symptoms, as calculi of the same chemical composition may be formed at any part of the urinary passages, as those
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small, pulpy magma by which the bladder is considerably distended. _Symptoms._--The symptoms of stone in the bladder may be absent until one of the masses escapes into the urethra,
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m some of the abdominal organs (womb, bowel, liver, stomach, etc.). _Symptoms._--The symptoms are those of pregnancy, which may be suddenly complicated by inflammation (peritonitis),
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tural result, followed by abortion. _Treatment._--Although the first symptoms of abortion have appeared, it does not follow that it will go on to completion. So long as the fetus has
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e health of the animal and that it has no effect on the milk yield. _Symptoms._--Natural infection may take place either by direct contact of animals or at the time of service. Most
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ties seem to have begun in too close breeding, by which the powers of symmetrical development are impaired, just as the procreative power weakens under continuous breeding from the cl
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the hip bone and sever their connections; then cut through the joint (symphysis) between the two hip bones in the median line of the floor of the pelvis, and then with a hook in the o
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in unsuspected until it has rendered the animal almost bloodless. The symptoms in such case are paleness of the eyes, nose, mouth, and of the lips of the vulva, a weak, rapid pulse, v
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ble as this at the time of parturition so as to cause inflammation. _Symptoms._--The main symptom is the glairy, white discharge flowing constantly or intermittently (when the cow li
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reflex nervous derangement proceeding from the udder to the brain. _Symptoms._--It may be said that there are two extreme types of this disease, with intervening grades. In both for
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or badly housed or when either she or the fetus has been diseased. _Symptoms._--The symptoms vary. With the chain-form germs (streptococci) the navel becomes intensely red, with a v
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no tendency to abscesses of the internal organs. Diarrhea is a common symptom, and death ensues early, the blood after death being found unclotted. Complicated cases are common, and
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contagion and to prove a veritable plague in a herd or a district. _Symptoms._--The symptoms of a diarrhea may appear so promptly after birth as to lead to the idea that the cause a
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ts for their own growth and for the nourishment of their offspring. _Symptoms._--In marked cases there is a gradual emaciation and symptoms of gastrointestinal catarrh, with depraved
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in which other structures surrounding the bones are injured. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURE.--When a fracture of one or more of the large bones of a limb occurs, symptoms are sure to b
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. Bloody discharges from the mouth and failure to eat or ruminate are symptoms most likely to attract attention. The treatment is simple and consists in first removing detached piece
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production of rheumatism, but the specific cause is as yet unknown. _Symptoms of articular rheumatism._--The symptoms appear suddenly and with varying degrees of severity. The animal
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her developed, by the fluctuation which is present. When any of these symptoms are absent, the suppuration should be encouraged by the means of hot fomentations and poultices. Care mu
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by a tumor or by tumors of the nerve or nerve sheaths, as a rule this symptom is indicative of inflammatory swelling rather than of the existence of a tumor.
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accompanied with pulsation with each heart beat (vascular goiter). _Symptoms._--Goiter may be observed at the side of the throat, reaching the size of a fist or even larger, or it m
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tinct subject. It is not a disease, only a sensation, and therefore a symptom. It is one of the symptoms accompanying the majority of the diseases which we will consider in this chapt
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elop a most obstinate and widespread eczema, beginning on the legs. _Symptoms._--In accordance with the variety of symptoms during the progress of the disease we may divide it into d
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ses._--It may arise spontaneously or follow a scar after an injury. _Symptoms._--Kelis generally appears below the knee or hock, and may occur singly or in numbers. There are no cons
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nto the eyes during transportation frequently cause conjunctivitis. _Symptoms._--A profuse flow of tears, closure of the eyelids from intolerance of light, retraction of the eyeball
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aract may be simple, or complicated with amaurosis, adhesions, etc. _Symptoms._--It is known by the whiteness or loss of transparency of the lens, although the pupil dilates and cont
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_Symptoms._--There is usually a continuous uneasiness or frequent shaking of the head, occasionally the manifestat
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but veterinary knowledge was so limited that the descriptions of the symptoms and post-mortem appearance are too vague and too limited to admit of the identification of the maladies
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give off the contagion in the early stages of the disease before the symptoms are apparent to the observer; also, they may retain this infectious character, if they survive the attac
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many cases the process of inoculation itself is followed by death. _Symptoms._--The symptoms of rinderpest are not very characteristic, and hence the diagnosis of a suspected case i
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deral Government of eradicating this outbreak was about $4,540,000. _Symptoms._--In three to six days, or even longer, after the exposure of the animal to the infection the disease m
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ight be confounded with certain general diseases. If gastrointestinal symptoms predominate, acute gastric catarrh or inflammation of the intestines might be thought of. Involvement of
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outbreak of the disease and one can only surmise as to its origin. _Symptoms._--Three forms of the disease are recognized, based upon the distribution of the lesions--the superficia
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that a given animal has rabies, since the symptoms given above belong in part to a variety of other diseases, among which may be mentioned the excitement s
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9 Tuberculosis of the sexual organs alone 3 _Symptoms._--The beginning of the disease usually passes unnoticed, inasmuch as it is very slow and insidious and
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be made of an animal which does not give a reaction but which shows symptoms indicating that, notwithstanding the test, it may suffer from tuberculosis. Nocard, of Paris, wrote a
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ply buried. When any of the animals in a herd of cattle show evident symptoms of tuberculosis, or when the tuberculin test proves that they are affected with this disease, the best m
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om tuberculous disease in man. Nineteen did not produce the slightest symptoms in cattle; with 9 others the cattle exhibited after four months very minute foci in the prescapular glan
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ansformation in the real character of the disease ever takes place. _Symptoms._--The disease appears in four to seven days after natural infection, or may evince itself in two or thr
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from the eyes, catarrh of the nose, and loss of appetite. When these symptoms appear the medicine may be suspended for a few days and afterward resumed in the same dose. The cure req
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ar as an epizootic attacking a large number at about the same time. _Symptoms._--The symptoms in cattle vary considerably, according as the disease begins in the skin, in the lungs,
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arts of feed. Infection by way of digestive tract is also probable. _Symptoms and lesions._--The symptoms of blackleg may be either of a general or of a local nature, though more fre
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ches observed on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. _Symptoms._--Necrotic stomatitis is both a local and a systemic affection. Primarily it is local. The local lesion
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soft and jellylike, while the margin is tense, hot, and painful. The symptoms increase rapidly, resulting in coma and death. _Lesions._--After death the fat and subcutaneous tissues
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m, or spring from which any person or domestic animal may drink. The symptoms of arsenical poisoning are rather variable and also depend on the size of the dose and the method of adm
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edia or in reproducing the disease by injecting experiment animals. _Symptoms._--Probably the first symptom noticed is that the animal is losing condition despite the fact that its a
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p, goats, and other ruminants may also be infested with it. Among the symptoms caused by this parasite may be mentioned anemia, loss of flesh, general weakness, dullness, capricious a
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ly discussed above (see p. 527). Cattle harboring this parasite show symptoms indicating an affection of the brain, walking or turning in circles, dizziness, uneven gait, impaired vi
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o from 75 to 90 beats per minute. The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal irrita
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diphtheria, description, symptoms, and treatment, 464-469 dropsy-- general, cause and treatment,
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nd treatment, 164 Fever-- milk, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226-237 parturition, description, symptoms, and treatment,
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sease in man, 395 Lead poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment, 55 Leeches in cattle, description and treatment,
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on and treatment, 69 arsenic, description, symptoms, and treatment, 54 carbolic acid, description and treatment,
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antine regulations, 495 symptoms and pathological changes after death, 478-480 tick eradication, plan of work,
stages of the disease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased,
the former 2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute.
The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal
has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal
irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offensive
odor.
PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.
Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated cases
recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the application of the
indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place
within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will
recover without treatment, but that the disease is fatal is shown by the
fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb
if not treated. In such animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the
mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than
0.5 per cent. The course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15
days, the average case covering a period of about 10 days.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.
In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it
for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this country on six
occasions only. This may be easily accomplished by taking into
consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there
is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep
that may be on the premises. It is also readily transmitted to neighboring
herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals, but it never
occurs spontaneously. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease
is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon
the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected animals.
Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking
the affected lips.
Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms, affecting
only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced consist of
erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-and-mouth
disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread extensively
in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body--
notably the teats and udder, and characteristically the feet--together with
the absence of infection in the herd, and the inability to transmit the
disease to calves by inoculation, distinguish between this affection and
foot-and-mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and
they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and
stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.
ERGOTISM.
The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of
mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by
the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or
upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks. The
lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers, but the end
of the limb affected is diseased "in toto" and the eruption extends
entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of
demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The
absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane
of the mouth, the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question
extends uninterruptedly around it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in
the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis
of ergotism.
FOUL FOOT.
In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and
toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial inflammation
followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of fistulous tracts
which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints. The mouth remains
unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor
drainage.
NECROTIC STOMATITIS.
In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yellowish
cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder. It
affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the _Bacillus
necrophorus._
TREATMENT.
The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing the
herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running. The
affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to the barn or
corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground feed,
and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept constantly in the
manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure;
and it will be found beneficial to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of
borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two
buckets of water taken during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to
be handled, the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes,
such as a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or a 1 per cent solution of
compound solution of cresol or of permanganate of potassium, or 1 part of
hydrogen peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by
astringents, such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of
potassium placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of
administering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would
be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in
a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five
days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt
placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt may be prepared by
pouring 4 ounces of crude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel
salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should
be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid, while the fissures
and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of
carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the animals are treated in this
manner and carefully fed, the disease will rapidly disappear.
INDEX.
Abdomen--
dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224
of calf, dropsy, description, and treatment, 180
wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 43
Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites affecting, 529
Abortion--
contagious--
description and causes, 165
treatment and prevention, 170
noncontagious--
causes, 165
treatment, 170
Abscess--
bacteria causing, 237
ear treatment, 355
lung, description, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 249
orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment, 352
Abscesses--
danger in castration of cattle, 300
treatment, 295
Absorbents, description, 75
_Achorion schonleinii_, fungus causing _Tinea favosa_, 332
Acids--
mineral, poisoning, description and treatment, 54
poisoning, description and treatment, 54
vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment, 61
Aconite poisoning, description and treatment, 63
Actinomycosis--
description and symptoms, 440-449
jawbone, description and treatment, 442
lungs, 442
prevention and treatment, 445-446
relation to public health, 447
Adenoma, description, 310
Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-11
Afterbirth, retention, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220
Air tubes, lung, parasites affecting, description and treatment, 530
Air under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment, 334
Albumin, urine, description and treatment, 121
Albuminuria, description and treatment, 121
Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment, 59
Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348
Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment, 149
Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330
Anesthesia, uses in operations, 289
Aneurism, description, 85
Angioma tumor, description, 310
Animal Industry Bureau, experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia, 401
Animal parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ranson, 502-531
Animal products, poisonous, description and treatment, 71
Anthrax--
cause, symptoms, treatment, etc., 449-458
human, description, 458
serum, relation to blackleg, 458
symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc., 449-458
treatment by use of serum, 455
Aphtha, calf, description and treatment, 263
Aphtha parasite (_Saccharomyces albicans_), cause, 263
Aphthous fever. _See_ Foot-and-mouth disease.
Aphthous stomatitis, reference, 532
Apoplexy--
cerebral, description and treatment, 106
parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226
Appetite--
depraved, description, causes and treatment, 28
Loss, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383
Aqueous humor of eye, description, 341
Argentina, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment, 54
Arsenical dips--
for destroying cattle ticks, 488
use against screw worms, 507
Arsenical vapor, danger of inhalation in making cattle dip, 489
Arteries--
and veins, wounds, description and treatment, 83
obstruction, description and treatment, 85
_Ascaris vitulorum_, intestinal roundworm,
description and treatment, 524
Ascites--
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
description and treatment, 180
Asepsis in surgical operations, 289
Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment, 266
Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment, 111
Atkinson, V. T.--
chapter on "Bones: Diseases and accidents", 264-288
chapter on "Poison and poisoning", 51-70
Atrophy, description, 81
Auscultation, definition, 91
Austria-Hungary, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
_Bacillus_--
_cyanogenes_, causing blue milk, 242
_tuberculosis_, (_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_,
new terminology) causing tuberculosis, 407
Back, sprain, causes and treatment, 270
Bacteria--
causing abscess, 237
definition, 360
_Bacterium bovisepticum_, causing hemorrhagic septicemia, 397
Balkan countries, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Ball--
eye, description, 340
hair, in stomach, description, 29
Balls, use in administering medicines, 8
Bee stings, description and treatment, 71
Beef measles, discussion and management, 529
Belgium, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Benign tumors, description, 306
Big jaw. _See_ Actinomycosis.
Black quarter. _See_ Blackleg.
Blackleg--
description, cause and treatment, 459, 464
serum, relation to anthrax, 458
vaccine, note on distribution by Animal Industry Bureau, 463
Bladder--
eversion, description, and treatment, 218
or rectum, full, as obstruction to parturition, 178
palsy of neck, cause and treatment, 130
paralysis, causes and treatment, 128
rupture, symptoms, 218
spasms, description and treatment, 128
stone, symptoms and treatment, 142
Bladder worms--
affecting brain, description and treatment, 528
thin-necked, description and treatment, 528
Bleeding--
description and treatment, 83
lungs, description and treatment, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 248
nose, cause and treatment, 93
womb, description, symptoms, and treatment, 214
Blisters, water, symptoms and treatment, 328
Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22
Blood--
clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment, 220
coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment, 179
description and influence of food on, 75
flukes (_Schistosoma bovis_), note, 526
parasites affecting, different kinds, 526
protozoa affecting, 510-536
vessels--
functions, 73
heart, lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86
Bloodsuckers affecting cattle, description and treatment, 519
Bloody milk, cause and treatment, 241
Bloody urine--
caused by blood flukes, 526
description, symptoms, and treatment, 119
Blue disease, cause, 253
Blue lice (_HÊmatopinus eurysternus_ and _H. vitali_),
description, 512
Blue milk, cause and treatment, 242
Boils, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328
Bones--
broken, description of kinds and treatment, 271-282
diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson, 264-288
dislocations, description and treatment, 282
face, fracture, description, and treatment, 277
luxations, description and treatment, 282
manner of nourishment, 264
number and description, 264
shape, classes, 265
Bony tumor, description and treatment, 314
_Boophilus annulatus_, Texas fever tick. _See Margaropus annulatus._
Bots affecting cattle, description and treatment, 507
Bovine tuberculosis and the public health, 429
Bowel hernia, description and treatment, 39
Bowels--
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34-43
obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment, 35
twisting and knotting, symptoms, post-mortem appearance,
and treatment, 35
Brain--
and its membranes, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103
bladder worms affecting, treatment, 527
_C[oe]nurus cerebralis_ _(Multiceps multiceps)_ affecting,
treatment, 527
concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107
congestion, description and treatment, 106
description, 101
tumors, description, 112
Brazil, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Breach--
navel, symptoms and treatment, 252
uterus, cause and treatment, 162
Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion, 247
Bronchial tubes, parasites affecting, 530
Bronchitis--
description, symptoms, and treatment, 94
verminous--
description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 100
parasite (_Strongylus micrurus_), cause, 100
Brush, report of foot-and-mouth disease in man, 394
Buffalo gnats, description and remedy, 505
Bull, ringing, method, 291
Bulls, susceptibility to sarcoptic mange, 517
Burns and scalds, causes and treatment, 333
Calculi--
classification, 137
forms in different situations, 138
in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144
renal, description and treatment, 139
urethral, description and treatment, 139
urinary--
classification, 137
description and causes, 130
effect of different feeds, 131
Calculus--
blocking teats, treatment, 243
prevention, 141
vesical or urethral, symptoms and treatment, 142
Calf--
attention necessary at birth, 247
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