THE CULTURE OF VEGETABLES AND FLOWERS FROM SEEDS AND ROOTS TEXT

greatly accelerate decay. No remedy is known, but we advise the purchase of the soundest and best bulbs. Good drainage and sufficient air are indispensable. All infected foliage and stems should be burned. Disease of Hollyhocks and Malvaceous Plants.—In some parts of England the cultivation of the Hollyhock had at one time quite ceased owing to the attacks of a microscopic fungus named _Puccinia malvacearum_. In gardens and nurseries, where years ago Hollyhocks were one of the chief ornaments of the place, it became impossible to grow a single plant. The disease is not confined to the Hollyhock, for it attacks many malvaceous plants, notably the Mallows of our hedgesides. We have seen plants of the white variety of the Musk Mallow (_Malva moschata_) totally destroyed by this parasite. The home of the Hollyhock fungus is Chili, whence the Potato fungus reached us. The Hollyhock fungus first attacked the malvaceous plants of Australia, and then reached England in 1873 by the continent of Europe. The best and cleanest seeds of the Hollyhock should be purchased. [Illustration: Fungus of Hollyhock] FUNGUS OF HOLLYHOCK DISEASE _Puccinia malvacearum_ A fragment of a Hollyhock leaf is illustrated at A, dotted with the characteristic brown pustules; these pustules cover the stems as well as the leaves. At B is shown the edge of a pustule enlarged one hundred diameters and seen in section; to show the whole of a pustule in section from six inches to a foot of space would be required. Bursting through the skin of the plant may be seen a dense forest of threads, each thread bearing a spore with a joint across the middle. One pustule alone will produce thousands of these double spores. At C some of the threads and spores are still further enlarged to two hundred diameters, and at D one ripe spore is shown falling from the thread and breaking asunder—each piece is a reproductive body or spore. When mature, these minute spores or ‘seeds’ are carried in the air by millions. At E one of the compound spores is enlarged to four hundred diameters. As this disease is seated within the tissues of the plant, remedies are difficult of application, and in many cases attempts at cure have failed. No doubt the fungus is nursed by malvaceous weeds. Infected Hollyhock plants and allied weeds should be destroyed by fire or by deep burying. Poppy Disease.—Garden Poppies are often attacked by a fungus pest closely allied to the fungus of the Potato disease, and named _Peronospora arborescens_. It grows sometimes in abundance on the common Red Poppy of cornfields (_Papaver Rhoeas_), and it badly attacks _P. somniferum_ and all its garden varieties. The fungus grows within the leaves, and emerges with a tree-like growth through the organs of transpiration (the stomates) on the under side of the leaves. Like the fungus of the Potato disease, it speedily sets up decomposition, and destroys the host-plant. [Illustration: Fungus of Poppy] FUNGUS OF POPPY DISEASE _Peronospora arborescens_ At A is illustrated one of the stems of the Poppy _Peronospora_ emerging from the leaf, enlarged seventy-five diameters. The fungus of the Poppy is very much more branched than that of the Potato, and every minute branchlet carries a spore. To save confusion, a large number of spores are omitted from the branchlets in the illustration, and the branches growing from the stem both before and behind are for the same reason left out. At B a tip of a single branch is shown further enlarged to four hundred diameters. The spores in the Poppy fungus are unusually large and numerous: an infected plant will throw off many millions of such spores. All the putrefactive spawn of this fungus is inside the host-plant; cure, therefore, is difficult. This disease, like every other plant disease, is always at its worst in ill-kept places where red field Poppies are abundant. Field Poppies are often sown with unclean corn. As prevention is better than cure, all we can advise is, buy the best and cleanest garden and field seeds, cultivate in the best way, and look out for and burn, or deeply bury as soon as detected, all disease-stricken plants, whether wild or cultivated. When diseased plants of any sort are left to decay on the refuse-heap, it is the most certain way of propagating a plant disease for the next year. Diseases of Violets.—Violets are subject to fungoid diseases, both in spring and autumn. The disease of autumn is caused by the brown _Puccinia violæ_, allied to the _P. graminis_ of Corn and to the _P. malvacearum_ of Hollyhocks and various malvaceous plants. The _Puccinia_ of Violets has its yellowish or orange-coloured stage; it is then known as _Trichobasis_, or _Uredo violarum_. In spring and early summer Violets are often badly affected by a fungus named _Æcidium violæ_, which is apparently identical, however, with _Puccinia violæ_. This disease attacks leaves, stems, and sepals, and it is best examined on the leaves. In this position it is seen to consist of a considerable number of minute yellow pustules, each pustule less in size than a pin’s head, and all congregated into one flat circular mass of about a quarter of an inch in diameter. This pest is very frequent on the Dog Violet, but it is perhaps equally common on the Sweet Violets of our gardens in early spring, and it not infrequently spreads to other species of _Viola_. One of the most destructive pests of Violas is found in _Æcidium depauperans_, so called because its effect is first to starve and attenuate, and then to totally destroy, plants of _Viola cornuta_. It is a close ally of _Ae. violæ_, but it differs in having its minute cups or pustules irregularly distributed all over the green parts of the host-plant instead of being congregated in circular patches, as in _Ae. violæ_. Our illustration shows, at A, a small portion of the stem of _Viola cornuta_ attacked by _Æcidium depauperans_. The minute pustules are seen (natural size) distributed all over the stem, leaf-stalks, and ruined leaves; the effect of the fungus growth is to decompose the tissues of the plant. At B, a transverse section through the stem is illustrated and magnified twenty diameters. The section cuts through several of the abscess-like pustules, and it is seen how completely embedded they are in the flesh of the plant. At C, a pustule is seen in section, enlarged sixty diameters to show more clearly the innumerable spores, or ‘seeds,’ disposed in necklace-like fashion, which are destined to reproduce the pest in future seasons. Another disease of Violets in autumn is caused by a fungus named _Urocystis violæ_. This fungus causes gouty swellings to form on the stalks and principal veins. These swellings at length burst, exhibit black patches, and discharge sooty spores. The fungoid disease named _Phyllosticta violæ_ is frequently common on Violet leaves in June. In this the spots are whitish. No cure is known, and it is always well to burn or deeply bury all infected leaves or plants. [Illustration: Violet Disease] VIOLET DISEASE _Æcidium depauperans_ INDEX Abronia, 373 Abutilon, 228, 365, 373 Achimenes, 228, 320, 360 Acidia heraclei, 420 Aconite, Winter, 353, 410 Acroclinium, 373 Æcidium depauperans, 452 —violæ, 451 Agapanthus, 320, 400 Agaricus campestris, 84 Allium, 321 —ascalonicum, 129 —Cepa, 92 —Porrum, 73 —sativum, 63 —Schoenoprasum, 66 Alonsoa, 229, 398 Alpine Strawberry, 137, 159, 170 Alstroemeria, 321, 400 Althæa rosea, 271 Alyssum, 373, 397 Amaryllis, 229, 340, 360, 401 American Blight, 418 —Cress, 54 Anbury, 146, 434 Anchusa, 386 Anemone, 229, 321, 365, 390, 401, 407 Angelica, 65 —Archangelica, 65 Annuals, 220, 385 —classified according to colour, 222 —Half-hardy, 226 —Hardy, 226, 364, 372, 380, 396, 407 —Tender, 227 —under glass, 225, 397 Annual Chrysanthemum, 250, 373, 397, 398 Anthriscus Cerefolium, 66 Antirrhinum, 230, 360, 386, 395, 397 Ants, 428 Aphis, 416 —Bean, 417 —Pea, 417 —rumicis, 417 Apium graveolens, 47 April work among Flowers, 380 —in the Vegetable Garden, 172 Aquilegia, 231, 365, 390 Artemisia Absinthium, 71 —Dracunculus, 71 Artichoke, Chinese, 132 —Globe, 4, 153, 160, 165, 172, 188, 194 —Jerusalem, 6, 161, 165, 194 Artificial Manures, and their application to Garden Crops, 210 Asparagus, 7, 154, 166, 172, 177, 182, 194 —Greenhouse Foliage varieties, 232, 366 —officinalis, 7 Asperula, 373, 397 Aster, 232, 373, 380, 398 —sub-cæruleus, 386 Aubergine, 61 Aubrietia, 235, 386 August work among Flowers, 396 —in the Vegetable Garden, 188 Auricula, 236, 366, 374 Australian Oak, 271 Autumn Broccoli, 31 Babiana, 323, 401 Balm, 66 Balsam, 237, 374, 381, 386, 390 —Sultan’s, 273 Barbarea præcox, 54 Barbe de Capucin, 122 Barberton or Transvaal Daisy, 266 Bartonia, 373 Basil, Bush, 66 —Sweet, 66 Bastard Trenching, 112 Bean Aphis, 417 —Broad, 16, 154, 161, 166, 172, 195, 196 —Butter, 24 —Climbing French, 21, 161, 173, 178, 183, 186 —Dwarf French 17, 161, 173, 177, 183, 185, 186 —Flageolets, 20, 178 —Haricot, 22, 178 —Runner, 22, 178, 183 —Waxpod, 24 Beet, Garden 24, 122, 161, 156, 173, 178, 185, 193 —Silver, or Sea Kale, 27 —Spinach, 132, 170, 176 Begonia, Fibrous-rooted, 240, 361 —Tuberous-rooted 238, 323, 360, 366, 391, 401 Bell Flower, 244 Bellis perennis, 260 Belvidere, 274 Bermuda Lily, 341 Beta Cicla, 132 —vulgaris, 24 Biennials, Hardy, 227, 364, 386, 396 Bird Pepper, 40 Black Bot, 131 —Fly, 416 —Scab of Potatoes, 440 Blacksmiths, 431 Blight, American. . .418 Blue Fly, 416 —Squill, 348 Borage, 66 Borago officinalis, 66 Bordeaux mixture, 440 Border, Warm, 196 Borecole, 27, 176 Brassica oleracea acephala, 27 —botrytis asparagoides, 29 —caulifiora, 44 —bullata, 38 —gemmifera, 33 —capitata, 35 —Caulo-rapa, 72 —costata, 53 —Rapa, 144 Bremia lactucæ, 442 Broad Bean, 16, 154, 161, 166, 172, 195, 196 Broccoli, 29, 161, 166, 173,178, 183, 186, 188, 195 Brompton Stock, 301, 394 Brussels Sprouts, 33, 161, 166, 173, 178 Bug, Mealy, 425 Bulbs, Flowering, Culture of, 317 —growing in Moss-fibre, 319, 335, 345, 352 —in Store, 413 Burgundy mixture, 440 Bush Basil, 66 Butter Bean, 24 Butterfly Flower, 296 Cabbage, 35, 154, 161, 166, 173, 178, 183, 185, 186, 188, 191, 193 —Flea, 422 —Lettuce, 75, 169, 180 —Portugal, 53, 162 —Red, 38, 166, 174, 188 —Root Fly, 421 —Savoy, 38, 163, 181 Cacalia, 373 Calandrinia, 373, 397 Calceolaria, Herbaceous, 240, 374, 391, 395, 401 —Shrubby, 243, 366 Calendula, 373 —officinalis, 67, 278, 397 Callistephus sinensis, 232 Campanula, 243, 366, 386, 396 —Rapunculus, 70 Canary Creeper, 308, 383 Candytuft, 373, 386, 397 Canna, 246, 361, 392 Canterbury Bell, 245, 381 Cape Primrose, 302 Capsicum, 39, 161, 178, 183 —annuum, 39 —baccatum, 39 Cardoon, 40, 174, 186, 188, 193 Carnation, 247, 362, 381, 398 Carrot, 41, 166, 174, 178, 185,186, 193, 195 —Fly, 419 —Moth, 419 Carum Petroselinum, 68 Castor-oil Plant, 293, 371 Catchfly, 298, 400 Caterpillars, 428 Cauliflower 44, 154, 161, 166, 174, 178, 183, 185, 188, 191, 193, 195 Cayenne Pepper, 40 Celeriac, 51, 122, 166, 193 Celery 47, 122, 166, 174, 179, 183, 186, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196 —Fly, 51, 419 —Leaf Spot of, 442 Celosia cristata, 254 —plumosa, 248, 367 Centranthus, 373 Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma, 437 Chards, 5, 124, 186, 191 Cheiranthus Allionii, 386, 397 —Cheiri, 310 Chemistry of Garden Crops, 202 Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, 84 Chervil, 122, 174 —Curled, 66, 122 Chicory, 52, 122, 183, 193 Chili, 39, 161 Chimney Campanula, 244 Chinese Artichoke, 132 —Primrose, 291 —Sacred Lily, 346 Chionodoxa, 325, 398 Chives, 66, 122, 167 Chrysanthemum, 249, 362, 373, 381, 386, 397, 398 Cichorium Endivia, 61 —Intybus, 52 Cineraria, 250, 362, 387, 392, 398 —Disease, 447 —Intermediate, 252 —stellata, 252 Cladosporium fulvum, 445 Clarkia, 253, 373, 397, 398 Cleaning Old Pots, 357 Clerodendron fallax, 254, 375 Click-Beetle, 431 Climbing French Bean, 21, 161, 173, 178, 183, 186 Club, 434 Cochlearia Armoracia, 72 Cockscomb, 254, 367 —Plumed, 248 Coleus, 255, 375, 387 Coleworts, 36, 178, 183 Collinsia, 373, 397 Collomia, 373 Columbine, 231 Common Thyme, 71 Convallaria majalis, 342 Convolvulus minor, 373 Coreopsis, 373, 386, 397 Corn Flag, 267 —Salad, 53, 122, 161, 185, 189 Cornflower, 373, 397 Cos Lettuce, 75, 169, 184 Cosmea, 256, 367 Cosmos, 256 Couve Tronchuda, 53, 162 Crambe maritima, 125 Crane Fly, 424 Cress, 54, 123, 154, 185 —American, 54 —Indian, 308 —Land, 54 —Water, 54, 123, 171 Crocus, 325, 401, 407 —Disease, 448 Crops, Garden, Chemistry of, 202 —Rotation of, 198 Crown Imperial, 326, 402 Cucumber, 55, 123, 154, 167, 179, 183, 187, 189, 191 —Pickling, 183 —Ridge, 60, 179, 187 —Root-knot Eelworm, 424 —Winter, 58 Cucumis Melo, 80 —sativus, 55 Cucurbita, 63 —Pepo ovifera, 147 Culture of Flowering Bulbs, 317 —of Flowers from Seeds, 216 —of Vegetables, 1 Curled Chervil, 66, 122 Cutting Flowers, 260 Cyclamen, 256, 326, 362, 382, 387, 396, 398, 402, 407, 410 Cynara Cardunculus, 40 —Scolymus, 4 Cynoglossum, 386 Dactylopius odonidum, 425 Daddy Longlegs, 424 Daffodils, 344, 405 Dahlia, 258, 367, 382, 387 Daisy, Barberton or Transvaal, 266 —Double, 260, 392 —Orange, 263 —Ox-eye, 250, 381 Dandelion, 60, 123, 180 Daucus Carota, 41 Day Lily, Japanese, 343 December work among Flowers, 412 —in the Vegetable Garden, 196 Delphinium, 261, 387 Depressaria cicutella, 419 Dianthus, 262, 367, 375, 393, 398 —barbatus, 307 —Caryophyllus fl. pl., 247, 287 —plumarius, 288 Digitalis, 262, 386 Dimorphotheca, 263, 373, 375, 398 Disease, Cineraria, 447 —Crocus, 448 —Gladiolus, 448 —Hollyhock, 449 —Lily, 448 —Narcissus, 448 —Pea, 443 —Poppy, 450 —Potato, 117, 437 —Senecio, 447 —Tomato, 443 —Violet, 451 —Wart, of Potatoes, 44 Dog’s-tooth Violet, 327, 402 Double Daisy, 260, 392 Drainage of Pots, 358 Dwarf French Bean, 17, 161, 173, 177, 183, 185, 186 Earwigs, 428 Easter Lily, 341 Eelworm, Root-knot, 424, 445 Egg Plant, 61, 162 Elater lineatus, 431 —obscurus, 431 —ruficaudis, 431 Endive, 61, 123, 174, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 197 Erysimum, 373, 397 Erysiphe Martii, 443 Eschscholtzia, 264, 373, 397 Eutoca, 373 Faba vulgaris, 16 Feather Hyacinth, 336, 408 February work among Flowers, 364 —in the Vegetable Garden, 160 Fennel, 66, 174 Ferraria, 350, 379 Fibrous-rooted Begonia, 240, 361 Finger-and-toe, 434 Finocchio, 67 Flageolets, 20, 178 Flea, Cabbage, 422 Florence Fennel, 67 Flower of the West Wind, 354 Flowering Bulbs, Culture of, 317 Flowers all the Year Round, 355 —from Seeds, Culture of, 216 Fly, Black, 416 —Blue, 416 —Cabbage Root, 421 —Carrot, 419 —Celery, 51, 419 —Crane, 424 —Green, 416 —Onion, 420 —Turnip, 422 Fœniculum duke, 67 —officinale, 66 Forced Strawberries, 136 Forcing in January, 153 Forget-me-not, 280 Foxglove, 262 Fragaria, 133 Frame Cucumber, 55 —Ground, 160 Freesia, 264, 328, 362, 398, 402 Fritillaria, 326, 328, 402 Fuchsia, 264, 367 Fungicide, 440, 446 Fungus Pests of certain Flowers, 447 —of certain Garden Plants, 434 Fusarium lycopersici, 444 Gaillardia, 265, 375, 386 Galega officinalis, 386 Garden Beet, 24, 122, 161, 166, 173, 178, 185, 193 —Crops, Chemistry of, 202 —Pea, 101, 158, 162, 169, 176, 180, 184, 185, 187, 190, 195 —Rubbish, 185 —Vermin, Eradication of, 414 Garlic, 63, 162, 168, 187 Gaura Lindheimeri, 386 Geranium, 265, 368, 393, 399 Gerbera, 266, 399 Gesnera, 266, 362 Geum, 267, 375, 386 Gilia, 373, 397 Gladiolus 267, 329, 368, 376, 382, 393, 402, 4O7, 410 Globe Artichoke, 4, 153, 160, 165, 172, 188, 194 Glory of the Snow, 325 Gloxinia, 268, 331, 363, 368, 376, 402 Godetia, 269, 373, 397 Good King Henry, 84 Gourd, 63, 180 Grape Hyacinth, 336, 408 Green Fly, 416 Grevillea robusta, 271, 363 ‘Grub’, 437 Gypsophila, 373, 386, 398 Half-hardy Annuals, 226 Haltica (Phyllotreta) nemorum, 422 —oleracea, 422 Hardy Annuals, 226, 364, 372, 380, 396, 407 —Biennials, 227, 364, 386, 396 —Perennials, 227, 386 Haricot Bean, 22, 178 Hawkweed, 373 Helianthus annuus, 138, 302 —tuberosus, 6 Helichrysum, 373 Hemerocallis Kwanso fl. pl., 343 Herbaceous Calceolaria, 240, 374, 391, 395, 401 Herbs, 64, 168, 174 Heterodera radicicola, 424, 445 Heuchera, 386 Hibiscus, 373 Hippeastrum, 229 Hollyhock, 271, 363, 376, 388, 393, 408 —Disease, 449 Horehound, 67 Horse-radish, 72, 156, 168, 195 Hot-bed, 165, 167 Humus, 208 Hyacinth, 332, 403, 408 —Feather, 336, 408 —Grape, 336, 408 —Italian, 337, 399, 404, 408 —Miniature, 336, 408 —Roman, 337, 399, 404, 408 Hyacinthus candicans, 338, 410 Hyssop, 67, 174 Hyssopus officinalis, 67 Iberis, 386 Iceland Poppy, 397 Impatiens, 273, 376 —Balsamina, 237 Indian Cress, 308 —Pink, 262 —Shot, 246, 361 Intermediate Cineraria, 252 —Stock, 301, 371, 400 Introductory Remarks to Culture of Flowering Bulbs, 317 —of Flowers from Seeds, 216 —All the Year Round, 355 —of Vegetables, 1 —Pests of Garden Plants, 414 —to a Year’s Work in Vegetable Garden, 151 Iris, 338, 404 Italian Hyacinth, 337, 399, 404, 408 Ixia, 338, 404 Jacobea, 297, 373 January work among Flowers, 360 —in the Vegetable Garden, 152 Japan Pink, 262 Japanese Day Lily, 343 Jerusalem Artichoke, 6, 161, 165, 194 Jonquil, 339, 405 July work among Flowers, 395 —in the Vegetable Garden, 185 June work among Flowers, 390 —in the Vegetable Garden, 182 Kale, 27, 176 —Sea Kale, 125, 159, 163, 170, 195 Kaulfussia, 373 Knol Kohl, 72, 168 Kochia trichophylla, 274, 368, 382 Kohl Rabi, 72, 168, 185 Lachenalia, 339, 408 Lactuca sativa, 75 Lamb’s Lettuce, 53 Land Cress, 54 Larkspur, 274, 373, 397 Lathyrus odoratus, 303 Lavandula, 67 Lavatera, 275, 373, 377 Lavender, 67 Layia, 373 Leaf-mould, 356 Leaf Rust of Tomato, 445 —Spot of Celery, 442 Leather-jacket, 424 Lecanium hibernaculorum, 426 Leek, 73, 156, 168, 175, 187 —Bulbs, 75 Lemon Thyme, 71 Lepidium sativum, 54 Leptosiphon, 373, 397 Leptosyne, 373 Lettuce, 75, 123, 156, 162, 169, 175, 180, 184, 185, 189, 191, 193 —Lamb’s, 53 —Mildew, 442 Leucojum, 339, 408 Lilies, 340, 410 Lilium auratum, 341, 410 —Harrisii, 341 —lancifolium, 342, 410 Lily, Bermuda, 341 —Chinese Sacred, 346 —Disease, 448 —Easter, 341 —Japanese Day, 343 —of the Valley, 342, 411 Lime, 212 Limnanthes, 373, 397 Linaria, 373, 397, 398 Linum, 373 Lobelia, 275, 368, 377, 383, 396 Love-lies-bleeding, 373 Lupine, 277 Lupinus, 277, 373, 377, 386 Lycopersicum esculentum, 138 Maize, 80, 180 Mallow, 275, 377 Malope, 373 Manures, Artificial, and their application to Garden Crops, 210 March work among-Flowers, 372 —in the Vegetable Garden, 164 Marguerite, 250, 381 Marigold, 277, 373, 377, 383 —Pot, 67, 278 Marjoram, Pot, 67 —Sweet Knotted, 67 Marrow, Vegetable, 147, 176, 182 Marrubium vulgare, 67 Marvel of Peru, 278, 377, 383 Mathiola, 299, 373 May work among Flowers, 385 —in the Vegetable Garden, 176 Mealy Bug, 425 Melissa officinalis, 66 Melon, 80, 157, 169, 175, 180, 184 Melon-house, the, 83 Mentha Pulegium, 69 —viridis, 68 Mercury, 84 Mice, 432 Mignonette, 279, 373, 377, 383, 399 Mildew, Lettuce, 442 —Onion, 442 Mimulus, 279, 369, 396 —moschatus, 280 Miniature Hyacinth, 336, 408 Mint, 68 Mirabilis Jalapa, 278 Monkey Flower, 279 Montbretia, 343 Moss-fibre, growing bulbs in, 319, 335, 345, 352 Mushroom, 84, 184 Musk, 280 Mustard, 92, 123, 157, 162 Myosotis, 280, 393 Nægelia, 266 Narcissus, 344, 399, 405, 409 —Disease, 448 —Tazetta, 346 Nasturtium, 123, 308, 373, 383 —officinale, 54 Nemesia, 280, 378, 398 Nemophila, 373, 397 New Zealand Spinach, 131, 170, 181 Nicotiana, 281, 369, 388, 393, 398 Nigella, 373, 397 Nitrogenous manures, 211 November work among Flowers, 410 —in the Vegetable Garden, 194 Oak, Australian, 271 October work among Flowers, 407 —in the Vegetable Garden, 192 Ocymum Basilicum, 66 —minimum, 66 Oenothera, 386