SPECIAL REPORT ON DISEASES OF CATTLE
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underscores_. Subscripts are represented by an underscore and curly braces: _{2} (for example, SiO_{2}). Ligatures which cannot be reproduced in the Latin-1 character set are enclosed
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the digestive organs are very common among cattle, and may often be traced to defects in feeding. The first three stomachs of the larger ruminants hold the feed for a long time, durin
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lution in water, should be applied on the swollen gland and kept in place by means of a bandage. Whenever the poultice has cooled it should be replaced by a new one. This treatment sh
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LOW HORN; LOSS OF CUD; WOLF IN THE TAIL). It would appear quite in place here, in connection with the diseases of the stomach and bowels of cattle, to consider the three old fallacie
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at is characterized by the formation of a false membrane upon the surface of the lining membrane of the intestines, particularly the large ones. _Symptoms._--There is fever, depressi
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r of the abdominal organs protruding through it. This is what takes place when this method has a favorable result, though if the umbilicus does not become adherent and the skin slough
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on of purgatives which promote a watery discharge from the mucous surface of the bowels also tends, by diminishing the serum of the blood, to bring about absorption and a gradual remo
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f cattle sometimes comes from their having licked freshly painted surfaces and thus swallowed compounds containing white lead. In several instances cattle have been poisoned by silage
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a cornfield. WATER HEMLOCK (CICUTA). This plant, growing in wet places by ditches and along creeks, is the most poisonous of North American plants. The root is the poisonous part,
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given in an overdose, or when applied as a blister to too large a surface of skin enough may be absorbed to poison. If given by the mouth, it causes severe irritation of the gastroint
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ained, the feet are drawn somewhat together, the back is arched, the face has an anxious expression. If the disease is of several days' standing, there is likely to be soft swelling (
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expression of the eye; by the distress and suffering apparent in the face; and by other evidences. The general physical condition and attitude of the sick animal tell the careful obs
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is profuse and persistent, either a drench composed of 1-1/2 drams of acetate of lead dissolved in a pint of water or 1-1/2 drams of gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water should be
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ecedes the tail). The spinal cord gives off branches at each of the spaces between the segments of the backbone. These branches form nerve trunks which carry both sensory and motor im
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, to a greater or less extent, may be the result. Fracture, with displacement of the bones (vertebrÊ) which form the spinal column, by compressing the spinal cord, produces paralysis,
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uch (pelvis) situated in an excavation in the center of the lower surface. While the ox is the only domesticated quadruped which maintains this divided condition of the kidney after b
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. It has also been distinguished according to the changes that take place in the kidney, especially as seen after death, according to the quantity of albumin in the urine, and accordi
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tions of warm water; Spanish-fly blisters must be washed from the surface; a prolonged and too active exertion must be intermitted. The spasm may be relaxed by injecting one-half ounc
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luble form in combination as silicate of potash, but at times is displaced by oxalic or other acid and then appears as gritty, sandy particles in the stem. This gritty, insoluble sili
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scle (accelerator urinÊ) beneath the anus (Pl. IX, fig. 2) may take place in a rhythmical or pulsating manner. As a rule, however, no symptom is noticed for two days, only the animal
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well as increased predisposition to disease. When the heifers of the race have for generation after generation been bred under a year old, the demand for the nourishment of the fetus
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ss when handled; the wrinkles in the skin become shallower and are effaced, and the teats are materially enlarged. Beginning a few weeks after conception, this tends to a steady devel
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pery stalls in which the flooring boards are laid longitudinally in place of transversely, and on which there is no device to give a firm foothold, are almost equally dangerous. Drivi
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inclosure separate from the females and in having all services take place on neutral ground. Great care should be used in purchasing cattle, and cows not known to be free from the di
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he. If, therefore, it is possible to anticipate and prevent this displacement and compression of the navel string it should be done, but if this is no longer possible, then the extrac
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ference in direction we can easily select the two feet of one calf, place running nooses upon them just above the hoofs or fetlocks, and have an assistant drag upon the ropes while th
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t first, or if now, the lower jaw can be reached, a noose should be placed around it behind the incisor teeth and traction made upon this, so that the head may continue to be turned,
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ring the feet into the pelvis, lest they get inbent or otherwise displaced and add unnecessary complications. With a transverse direction of the calf, the head being turned to one si
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extracts the calf and gives it to an attendant to convey to a safe place. The womb may be drawn out, but not until all the liquid has flowed out, and the fetal membranes must be sepa
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f blood which accumulated in clots around the calf. Other causes are laceration of the cotyledons of the womb, or from an antecedent inflammation of the placenta, and the unnatural ad
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hich is attached to the firm fungus-shaped cotyledon on the inner surface of the womb, is seized by the little finger, and the other fingers and thumb are closed on it so as to tear i
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not of induration of the feces, as often shown by the semiliquid, pultaceous condition of the contents after death. The bladder, too, is paralyzed and fails to expel its contents. A f
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mass, causing permanent hardening (induration). In other cases, in place of the product of inflammation developing into a fibrous mass, it softens and breaks down into white, creamy,
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n the body of the cow, but in five or six hours after milking the surface layers are found to be one dense network of filaments. If a needle is dipped in this and lifted the liquid is
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black, soft, friable, and pultaceous. If the pus is white, creamy, and comparatively inoffensive in odor, the secondary formations in internal
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wo-thirds. If the stools smell particularly sour, the milk may be replaced by 1 ounce calcined magnesia, and in any case a tablespoonful or two of limewater must be given with each me
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cation, relation, and function of each one. In early fetal life the place of bone is supplied by temporary cartilage, which gradually changes to bone. For convenience of study, bones
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st one another from the muscular contraction which invariably takes place, hangs dependent from the body it swings in an awkward and unnatural manner, permitting the toe and foot to a
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e teeth, and feeding the animal on sloppy feed until recovery takes place. The wound should be dressed once or twice a day with a 3 per cent solution of carbolic acid, forced gently i
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and apply over the inner and fore part of the joint, covering the surface an inch and a half in every direction from the enlargement, or over an area 3 to 4 inches across. Fasten the
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st the horn in such position that the cut will be made in the right place and in the right direction. The handles should then be drawn together with a quick, firm, strong pull so that
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ding or while in the recumbent position. If standing, she should be placed against a wall or a partition and her head held by a strong assistant. The legs also must be secured to prev
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diagnosis the trained observer will note color, size, shape, and surface structure, transmission of light, movableness, consistence, resistance, pulsation, and crepitation. Percussio
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readily detachable from the subcutis of the skin. Their internal surfaces are often uneven or supplied with projections or tufted growths which support a fibrous network within the t
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the swelling may disappear in a few hours, or it may go away in one place and reappear on another part of the body. It is always accompanied with a great desire to rub the affected pa
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tment._--Remove all crusts by washing with soap and water, then apply acetic acid, sulphur ointment, tincture of iodin or nitrate of mercury ointment once a day. Cleanse the stable an
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ent. The choroid coat will be recognized as the black layer lying subjacent to the sclerotic. It does not line the cornea, but terminates behind the line of junction of that coat with
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darkened stable. For the most part the formation of cataract takes place slowly, the cases in which it originates very quickly being but few. _Treatment._--There is only one method
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it. This condition is chiefly caused by a faulty secretion of the sebaceous glands of the ear. Thoroughly clean the ear with a stiff brush, then anoint it, so far as affected, with v
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chlorid of lime, in the top of which a deep crater is made for the placement of from 1 to 2 pints of crude acid. The edge of the crater is thereupon pushed into the fluid, when a liv
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lobe is cut through at right angles to its long diameter, the cut surface presents a variety of interesting changes. In the first place the spaces between the small subdivisions of th
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lorid of mercury, 1 part to 2,000 of water. After the flooring is replaced the woodwork should be coated with limewash, containing one-fourth pound of chlorid of lime to the gallon of
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scovered in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The earliest cases were traced to Chelsea, Mass., near the docks, and it was suspected for a time that the infection was brought in with fo
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it changes to a croupous membrane which peels off, leaving a raw surface, while the thin skin between the toes may also be inflamed. The previous history of the case; the failure of
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spring of the year, when the melting snows and rains bring to the surface the subterranean waters from rich soils containing nitrogenous materials in which the bacteria have been exis
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from rabies by the persistence of muscular cramps, especially of the face and abdomen, which cause these muscles to become set and as hard as wood. In tetanus there is also an absence
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t is composed of several kinds of tissue cells. Soon a change takes place within the tubercle. Disintegration begins, and a soft, cheesy substance is formed in the center, which may c
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been made months or years before. In 28 cases the injection took place from 19 days to 2 months before the butchering; in 3 of these cases earlier injections had been made. In 38
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he application of the ophthalmic test. The ophthalmic tuberculin is placed in one eye and the other eye is used as a check. A reaction is indicated by a characteristic discharge from
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h, had a temperature of 104∞ F., with the point of inoculation and adjacent glands greatly swollen. The autopsy revealed generalized tuberculosis, involving the lungs, mediastinal gla
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, no transformation in the real character of the disease ever takes place. _Symptoms._--The disease appears in four to seven days after natural infection, or may evince itself in two
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n. It is not at all improbable that they may vary considerably from place to place. _Treatment._--Until recently this has been almost entirely surgical. When the tumors are external
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ary to bury them on the pasture, but it is better to remove them to places not frequented by susceptible animals and to a point where drainage from the graves can not infect any water
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eet the requirements for the development of the spores, which takes place only in the absence of the atmosphere, it is necessary that the wound be very small and deep enough to penetr
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silver dollar or even larger. It has the appearance of a corroded surface, under which the mucous membrane or muscular tissue seems transformed into a dry, friable, or firm cheesy mas
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shady and quiet places. If forced to move about, the hind legs are drawn forward with a peculiar, stiff, dragging movement, and the
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d in the order Acarina. Its life history is quite simple and easily traced from one generation to another. It is essentially a parasite, attaching itself to the skin (Pl. XLVIII) and
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to dissolve all the arsenic. In a 5-gallon kettle or metal[9] pail place the 4 pounds of caustic soda, add 1 gallon of cold water, and stir with a stick until the caustic soda is pra
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nty of clean and cool drinking water and allowed to rest in a quiet place. If the stable or pasture is infested with ticks, the animal should be placed in a tick-free inclosure to pre
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eed troughs, and the remains of straw stacks are favorable breeding places for the stable fly. Under the most favorable conditions about three weeks are required for development from
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loth. They should be distributed in a thin, even coating over the surface of the body, taking care that there is no excess quantity at any point. In spraying, any of the dips recomme
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when drinking from ponds. They may attach themselves to the inner surface of the mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upper part of the windpipe or of the gullet. Bleeding at the mo
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he gall ducts, so that a so-called "Medusa's head" forms on the surface of the liver toward the stomach, appears in even well-nourished animals; even in cases of a cirrhosis of
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the indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will recover without treatment, but that
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261 Contused or lacerated wounds, description and treatment, 298 Contusion of lips, wounds, and snake bites of mouth
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ption and treatment, 70 stable, breeding places, 503 Fly preventives, injury to cattle by poisoning,
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reatment, 517 Manure, breeding place for flies, 511 _Margaropus annulatus_, Texas fever tick,
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ription and treatment, 513 _Pucinia arundinacea_, _P. coronata_, _P. graminis_, _P. straminis_, effect on cattle, 13
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mmation, causes and treatment, 223 lacerations and rupture, description and treatment, 219 polypus affecting, description and treat
stages of the disease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased,
the former 2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute.
The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal
has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal
irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offensive
odor.
PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.
Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated cases
recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the application of the
indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place
within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will
recover without treatment, but that the disease is fatal is shown by the
fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb
if not treated. In such animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the
mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than
0.5 per cent. The course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15
days, the average case covering a period of about 10 days.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.
In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it
for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this country on six
occasions only. This may be easily accomplished by taking into
consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there
is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep
that may be on the premises. It is also readily transmitted to neighboring
herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals, but it never
occurs spontaneously. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease
is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon
the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected animals.
Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking
the affected lips.
Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms, affecting
only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced consist of
erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-and-mouth
disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread extensively
in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body--
notably the teats and udder, and characteristically the feet--together with
the absence of infection in the herd, and the inability to transmit the
disease to calves by inoculation, distinguish between this affection and
foot-and-mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and
they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and
stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.
ERGOTISM.
The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of
mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by
the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or
upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks. The
lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers, but the end
of the limb affected is diseased "in toto" and the eruption extends
entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of
demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The
absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane
of the mouth, the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question
extends uninterruptedly around it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in
the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis
of ergotism.
FOUL FOOT.
In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and
toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial inflammation
followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of fistulous tracts
which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints. The mouth remains
unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor
drainage.
NECROTIC STOMATITIS.
In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yellowish
cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder. It
affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the _Bacillus
necrophorus._
TREATMENT.
The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing the
herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running. The
affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to the barn or
corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground feed,
and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept constantly in the
manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure;
and it will be found beneficial to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of
borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two
buckets of water taken during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to
be handled, the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes,
such as a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or a 1 per cent solution of
compound solution of cresol or of permanganate of potassium, or 1 part of
hydrogen peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by
astringents, such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of
potassium placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of
administering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would
be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in
a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five
days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt
placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt may be prepared by
pouring 4 ounces of crude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel
salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should
be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid, while the fissures
and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of
carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the animals are treated in this
manner and carefully fed, the disease will rapidly disappear.
INDEX.
Abdomen--
dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224
of calf, dropsy, description, and treatment, 180
wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 43
Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites affecting, 529
Abortion--
contagious--
description and causes, 165
treatment and prevention, 170
noncontagious--
causes, 165
treatment, 170
Abscess--
bacteria causing, 237
ear treatment, 355
lung, description, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 249
orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment, 352
Abscesses--
danger in castration of cattle, 300
treatment, 295
Absorbents, description, 75
_Achorion schonleinii_, fungus causing _Tinea favosa_, 332
Acids--
mineral, poisoning, description and treatment, 54
poisoning, description and treatment, 54
vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment, 61
Aconite poisoning, description and treatment, 63
Actinomycosis--
description and symptoms, 440-449
jawbone, description and treatment, 442
lungs, 442
prevention and treatment, 445-446
relation to public health, 447
Adenoma, description, 310
Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-11
Afterbirth, retention, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220
Air tubes, lung, parasites affecting, description and treatment, 530
Air under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment, 334
Albumin, urine, description and treatment, 121
Albuminuria, description and treatment, 121
Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment, 59
Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348
Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment, 149
Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330
Anesthesia, uses in operations, 289
Aneurism, description, 85
Angioma tumor, description, 310
Animal Industry Bureau, experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia, 401
Animal parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ranson, 502-531
Animal products, poisonous, description and treatment, 71
Anthrax--
cause, symptoms, treatment, etc., 449-458
human, description, 458
serum, relation to blackleg, 458
symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc., 449-458
treatment by use of serum, 455
Aphtha, calf, description and treatment, 263
Aphtha parasite (_Saccharomyces albicans_), cause, 263
Aphthous fever. _See_ Foot-and-mouth disease.
Aphthous stomatitis, reference, 532
Apoplexy--
cerebral, description and treatment, 106
parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226
Appetite--
depraved, description, causes and treatment, 28
Loss, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383
Aqueous humor of eye, description, 341
Argentina, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment, 54
Arsenical dips--
for destroying cattle ticks, 488
use against screw worms, 507
Arsenical vapor, danger of inhalation in making cattle dip, 489
Arteries--
and veins, wounds, description and treatment, 83
obstruction, description and treatment, 85
_Ascaris vitulorum_, intestinal roundworm,
description and treatment, 524
Ascites--
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
description and treatment, 180
Asepsis in surgical operations, 289
Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment, 266
Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment, 111
Atkinson, V. T.--
chapter on "Bones: Diseases and accidents", 264-288
chapter on "Poison and poisoning", 51-70
Atrophy, description, 81
Auscultation, definition, 91
Austria-Hungary, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
_Bacillus_--
_cyanogenes_, causing blue milk, 242
_tuberculosis_, (_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_,
new terminology) causing tuberculosis, 407
Back, sprain, causes and treatment, 270
Bacteria--
causing abscess, 237
definition, 360
_Bacterium bovisepticum_, causing hemorrhagic septicemia, 397
Balkan countries, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Ball--
eye, description, 340
hair, in stomach, description, 29
Balls, use in administering medicines, 8
Bee stings, description and treatment, 71
Beef measles, discussion and management, 529
Belgium, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Benign tumors, description, 306
Big jaw. _See_ Actinomycosis.
Black quarter. _See_ Blackleg.
Blackleg--
description, cause and treatment, 459, 464
serum, relation to anthrax, 458
vaccine, note on distribution by Animal Industry Bureau, 463
Bladder--
eversion, description, and treatment, 218
or rectum, full, as obstruction to parturition, 178
palsy of neck, cause and treatment, 130
paralysis, causes and treatment, 128
rupture, symptoms, 218
spasms, description and treatment, 128
stone, symptoms and treatment, 142
Bladder worms--
affecting brain, description and treatment, 528
thin-necked, description and treatment, 528
Bleeding--
description and treatment, 83
lungs, description and treatment, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 248
nose, cause and treatment, 93
womb, description, symptoms, and treatment, 214
Blisters, water, symptoms and treatment, 328
Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22
Blood--
clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment, 220
coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment, 179
description and influence of food on, 75
flukes (_Schistosoma bovis_), note, 526
parasites affecting, different kinds, 526
protozoa affecting, 510-536
vessels--
functions, 73
heart, lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86
Bloodsuckers affecting cattle, description and treatment, 519
Bloody milk, cause and treatment, 241
Bloody urine--
caused by blood flukes, 526
description, symptoms, and treatment, 119
Blue disease, cause, 253
Blue lice (_HÊmatopinus eurysternus_ and _H. vitali_),
description, 512
Blue milk, cause and treatment, 242
Boils, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328
Bones--
broken, description of kinds and treatment, 271-282
diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson, 264-288
dislocations, description and treatment, 282
face, fracture, description, and treatment, 277
luxations, description and treatment, 282
manner of nourishment, 264
number and description, 264
shape, classes, 265
Bony tumor, description and treatment, 314
_Boophilus annulatus_, Texas fever tick. _See Margaropus annulatus._
Bots affecting cattle, description and treatment, 507
Bovine tuberculosis and the public health, 429
Bowel hernia, description and treatment, 39
Bowels--
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34-43
obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment, 35
twisting and knotting, symptoms, post-mortem appearance,
and treatment, 35
Brain--
and its membranes, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103
bladder worms affecting, treatment, 527
_C[oe]nurus cerebralis_ _(Multiceps multiceps)_ affecting,
treatment, 527
concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107
congestion, description and treatment, 106
description, 101
tumors, description, 112
Brazil, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Breach--
navel, symptoms and treatment, 252
uterus, cause and treatment, 162
Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion, 247
Bronchial tubes, parasites affecting, 530
Bronchitis--
description, symptoms, and treatment, 94
verminous--
description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 100
parasite (_Strongylus micrurus_), cause, 100
Brush, report of foot-and-mouth disease in man, 394
Buffalo gnats, description and remedy, 505
Bull, ringing, method, 291
Bulls, susceptibility to sarcoptic mange, 517
Burns and scalds, causes and treatment, 333
Calculi--
classification, 137
forms in different situations, 138
in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144
renal, description and treatment, 139
urethral, description and treatment, 139
urinary--
classification, 137
description and causes, 130
effect of different feeds, 131
Calculus--
blocking teats, treatment, 243
prevention, 141
vesical or urethral, symptoms and treatment, 142
Calf--
attention necessary at birth, 247
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