SPECIAL REPORT ON DISEASES OF CATTLE
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416 XXXVIII. Tuberculosis of cow's udder 416 XXXIX. Actinomycosis
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ng, as well as in regurgitation for rumination or the chewing of the cud. The action of the first three stomachs is merely preparatory to digestion. Thus it would seem that as a resu
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of the surface, it is found to fluctuate or "give," then we may conclude that there is a collection of pus at that place. It is well not to open the abscess until the fluctuation is
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those who are competent. IMAGINARY DISEASES (HOLLOW HORN; LOSS OF CUD; WOLF IN THE TAIL). It would appear quite in place here, in connection with the diseases of the stomach and
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stic, are pain when getting up or lying down; grunting and pain upon sudden motion, especially downhill; coughing; pain on pressure over the second stomach, which lies immediately ab
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carefully laid open in the long direction, the adhesions of the protruding organs carefully separated from the umbilicus, and after the protruding parts have been returned into the
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horoughly chewed, and this constitutes what is known as "chewing the cud." From the second stomach the food passes into the third, and from the third into the fourth, or true, stomac
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Acetic acid is irritant to the gastrointestinal tract, and may cause sudden paralysis of the heart. _Treatment._--The action of the acid should be counteracted by the use of alkalie
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lysis and the animal dies in convulsions. LAUREL. The laurels, including the broad-leafed laurel, _Kalmia latifolia_, the narrow-leafed laurel, _Kalmia angustifolia_, the rhododen
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d is particularly noticeable while they are ruminating--"chewing the cud." It is not always associated with disease, but may be a symptom of some disease of the heart; in such cases
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s disinclined to move actively, the step is restricted and cautious, sudden motion causes grunting, the attitude is constrained, the feet are drawn somewhat together, the back is arc
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e of most of the diseases under consideration in this chapter. _Attitude and general condition._--The feeling of pain in animals suffering from serious affections of the organs of r
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the majority of cases it is attributable to some form of exposure, a sudden change from warm to cold surroundings, or exposure to cold storms. It may also result from inhaling irrita
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upplied by the cut nerve is paralyzed. The nervous system is often studied in two divisions--the cerebrospinal division and the sympathetic division. The cerebrospinal division con
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s, but there is paralysis in all parts posterior to the fracture, including the fore and hind legs. When the fracture is in the region of the loins the hind legs are paralyzed, but t
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nt passage of urine in driblets, its continuous escape in drops, the sudden arrest of the flow when in full stream, the rhythmic contraction of the muscles under the anus without any
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ed and inflamed kidneys it is present as a part of the inflammatory exudate. Apart from these, albumin in the urine represents in different cases a variety of diseased conditions of
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r, by the presentation of a female, the animal can be tempted to protrude the penis, so that it can be seized and extended, or when it can be manipulated forward out of the sheath, i
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cting stone, may slowly push it on into the bladder. Large doses of laudanum (2 ounces) or of solid extract of belladonna (2 drams) will not only soothe the pain but relax the spasm
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nclosing the tip of a conical mass of tissue from which the urine excludes. Fig. 2. Genital and urinary organs of the bull. (From Leisering, Mueller, and Ellenberger, Handbuch des V
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has a very small external opening, the mucous membrane of which is studded with sebaceous glands secreting a thick, unctuous matter of a strong, heavy odor. Behind this orifice is a
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ack toward the root of the tail. In the early stages of pregnancy the udder develops slowly, and toward its completion quite rapidly. For a long time there is merely a sense of great
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ult from poor or insufficient feed, from the excessive drain upon the udder while bearing the calf, from the use of feed deficient in certain essential elements, like the nitrogenous
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med condition of the membranes of the vagina results in a catarrhal exudate, and this discharge, which soils the external genitals and the tail, and the uneasiness and sometimes the
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was thoroughly closed in and the cow secluded from the constant stream of visitors and the incessant noise, when at once the pains became strong and effe
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passages. _Head and fore feet presented--Back turned down toward the udder._--This position (Pl. XVI, fig. 6) is unnatural, and the parturition is difficult for two reasons: First,
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for success, but if the calf is placed with its back down toward the udder, and if the head is bent down under the brim of the pelvis, the best position for the cow is on her back,
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ised a presentation with the back of the fetus turned down toward the udder, and the anterior extremities one with the back turned up toward the spine, the latter should be selected.
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w is to be sacrificed a blow on the head with an ax will produce quietude. Then the prompt cutting into the abdomen and womb and the extraction of the calf requires no skill. If, how
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of the lips of the vulva, a weak, rapid pulse, violent and perhaps loud beating of the heart (palpitations), sunken, staring eyes, coldness of the skin, ears, horns, and limbs, pers
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connections with the womb are severed and the remainder is expelled suddenly en masse. It is quite evident that neglected cases with putrid membranes are poor subjects for this meth
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examples of udder poisons are found in the first milk (colostrum), which is distinctly irritant and purgative, and in the to
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f the disease gangrene may ensue, a quarter or half or even the whole udder, losing its vitality, and sloughing off if the cow can bear up against the depressing influence. These gan
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anything which irritates them. The powerful sucking of the calf; the sudden chilling of the teat in winter after the calf has just let it go or after the completion of milking with a
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in as a swelling after the bowel has been returned; and when the protruding bowel has contracted permanent adhesion to the sac, it is impossible to return it fully without first seve
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reen all act in this way. The same may come from disease in the cow's udder, or any general disease of the cow with attendant fever, and in all such cases the tendency is to rapid ch
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D.] Some knowledge of the skeleton is advisable to facilitate the study of diseases of bones and the accidental injuries to which they are exposed. The skeleton of the adult ox is
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is one in which the bone is severed in two parts, transversely, longitudinally, or obliquely, without serious injury to the adjoining structures. COMPOUND FRACTURES.--Compound fract
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oken down and the bones are united (anchylosis). This process may include any or all of the three lower joints of the hock. The joint of motion which is situated on the lower end of
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t unknown. _Symptoms of articular rheumatism._--The symptoms appear suddenly and with varying degrees of severity. The animal presents a downcast appearance, with staring coat, horn
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far as possible to make the trachea tense and prominent; make a longitudinal incision about 2 to 2-1/2 inches long through the skin and deeper tissues and trachea at the most promine
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arly exercised or be allowed freedom so that it can exercise itself. Sudden changes of the temperature are dangerous. The animal should be fed moderately, but of a diet easily digest
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considerable rotary motion or twisting is possible. Their color is cloudy gray or grayish red, with white bands of connective tissue radiating from the center. Their consistence vari
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ts in the early and complete removal of the tumor, taking care to include a wide border of healthy tissue. This has been most successful in such superficial cancers as those of the e
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ns of the legs become irritated and chapped when cattle are fed in a muddy or wet yard in winter, or if they are compelled to wade through water in frosty weather. Another form of er
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the formation of circular patches on the skin, which soon becomes denuded of hair. The cuticular layer of the skin in slightly inflamed, and vesication with exudation occurs, follow
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sclerotic, or white of the eye, is bloodshot and the cornea may be cloudy. If the disease advances, keratitis results, with its train of unfavorable symptoms. _Treatment._--Careful
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a long time, but will eventually induce keratitis with inflammatory exudations. _Treatment._--The cornea may be punctured at its upper and outer margin, and the worm squeezed out wi
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hiefly responsible for the morbid changes. This definition might include diseases caused by certain animal parasites, such as trichinÊ, for example, which multiply in the digestive
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ected by means of chlorin gas liberated from the chlorid of lime by crude carbolic acid. This is accomplished by making a cone of 5 or 6 pounds of chlorid of lime, in the top of whic
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acute one, as is frequently seen in hot weather, the symptoms appear suddenly; the breathing becomes rapid and difficult, the animal grunts or moans with each expiration, the shoulde
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he same time similar changes may go on in the skin of the thighs, the udder, or the scrotum, or about the vagina, which lead to small sloughs. In severe cases, which are the most co
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loss in flesh and a lessening or cessation of the milk secretion. The udders often become inflamed and ruined by the formation of abscesses, and cows affected in this way are sometim
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that in the latter there is a rapid infection of the entire herd, including the adult cattle, as well as the infection of hogs and sheep. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth
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pressure. This tumefaction consists essentially of a cerogelatinous exudate into the subcutaneous and intermuscular tissues. Bloody extravasations may take place in subcutaneous tis
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68 cows, 69, or 41 per cent, being tuberculous, and 2 having diseased udders. The result of testing the Queen's herd at Windsor was that 36 out of 40, or 90 per cent, were found tub
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under the jaw, and along the neck. Of late tubercular disease of the udder in cows (Pl. XXXVIII) has received considerable attention from sanitarians, owing to the infection of the
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of the cases tested. The relatively few failures in diagnoses are included among two classes of cattle. The first class contains those that are tuberculous, but which do not react ei
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unanimity of opinion on the part of all who are best calculated to judge that such an injurious effect does not occur. Even those who have been most pronounced in the claim tha
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xperimented with such virus. It was the experiments and comparative studies of Theobald Smith, however, which attracted special attention to the difference in virulence shown by tube
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ppearance of reddened, inflamed areas, principally upon the teats and udder, and at times on the abdominal skin or the skin of the inner surface of the thighs. In a few cases the ski
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t occurring in bovine affections. It is therefore of interest to conclude this article with a brief discussion of the disease in man and its relation to actinomycosis in cattle. In
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called anthrax peracutus or apoplectiform, when the animal dies very suddenly as if from apoplexy. Such cases usually occur in the beginning of an outbreak. The animal, without havin
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es will hardly hold, as it is found in all kinds of soil, in all altitudes, at all seasons of the year, and under various climatic conditions. It occurs in this country from the Atla
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etimes the mouth is kept open, permitting the tumefied tongue to protrude. One or more of the above symptoms direct the attention to the mouth as the seat of disease; or, having noti
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a uniform brownish tint, dissociated by gas and with a blood-tinged exudate. This gangrenous tissue, when present before death, can be removed without pain to the animal. The intesti
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thropoda and to the genus _Margaropus_ (or _Boophilus_), which is included in the order Acarina. Its life history is quite simple and easily traced from one generation to another. It
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clear solution, except for dirt. If the liquid persistently remains muddy or milky, it may be because the operation has been conducted so fast that much water has been boiled out an
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ed territory has in every instance been found a certain method of excluding Texas fever. The regulations governing the movement of cattle from below the quarantine line are made year
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laundry soap 1 pound. Water 4 gallons. Crude petroleum 1 gallon. Powdered naphthalin 4 ounces. Cut the soap into thin shavings and disso
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equal parts; (2) kerosene, 1/2 pint, mixed with lard, 1 pound; (3) crude petroleum; (4) any of the dips recommended for use in dipping, and diluted in the same proportions as for di
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d scattered their droppings. The worms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs (fig. 14_c_) of microscopic size, which pass out of the body in the feces. In warm weather these egg
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as they are rather common among sheep in the Northwest. As already alluded to, these worms are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs, and their life history and the mean
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earance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected animals. Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar sm
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f premises, 363 inflammation of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment, 237 ma
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, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103 contagious, of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment, 237 ea
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, causes and treatment, 322 Pseudoplasm. _See_ Tumors. Psoroptic mange, description and treatment, 513 _Pucinia a
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nic, causes and treatment, 25 Udder-- congestion, description and treatment, 233 contagious inflammation af
stages of the disease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased,
the former 2 or 3 degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute.
The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified. The animal
has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is a gastrointestinal
irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offensive
odor.
PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.
Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated cases
recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the application of the
indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration may take place
within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percentage of the animals will
recover without treatment, but that the disease is fatal is shown by the
fact that animals which develop an aggravated form of the affection succumb
if not treated. In such animals death occurs in 6 or 8 days, but the
mortality in the serious outbreaks thus far investigated has been less than
0.5 per cent. The course of this disease is irregular and runs from 7 to 15
days, the average case covering a period of about 10 days.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.
In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mistake it
for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this country on six
occasions only. This may be easily accomplished by taking into
consideration the fact that in the contagious foot-and-mouth disease there
is a rapid infection of the entire herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep
that may be on the premises. It is also readily transmitted to neighboring
herds by the spread of the infection from diseased animals, but it never
occurs spontaneously. The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease
is the appearance of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon
the udder, teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected animals.
Drooling is profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking
the affected lips.
Mycotic stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms, affecting
only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced consist of
erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-and-mouth
disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread extensively
in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on other portions of the body--
notably the teats and udder, and characteristically the feet--together with
the absence of infection in the herd, and the inability to transmit the
disease to calves by inoculation, distinguish between this affection and
foot-and-mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and
they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet and
stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.
ERGOTISM.
The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those of
mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth and by
the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or
upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks. The
lesions of ergotism do not take the form of ulcers or festers, but the end
of the limb affected is diseased "in toto" and the eruption extends
entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards by a distinct line of
demarcation between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The
absence of suppurating sores between the claws and on the mucous membrane
of the mouth, the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question
extends uninterruptedly around it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in
the hay or grain fed the animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis
of ergotism.
FOUL FOOT.
In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and
toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial inflammation
followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of fistulous tracts
which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints. The mouth remains
unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced to filth and poor
drainage.
NECROTIC STOMATITIS.
In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yellowish
cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or udder. It
affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the _Bacillus
necrophorus._
TREATMENT.
The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing the
herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running. The
affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to the barn or
corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground feed,
and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept constantly in the
manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the mouth at its pleasure;
and it will be found beneficial to dissolve 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of
borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate in each of the first two
buckets of water taken during the day. If the animals are gentle enough to
be handled, the mouth should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes,
such as a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid or a 1 per cent solution of
compound solution of cresol or of permanganate of potassium, or 1 part of
hydrogen peroxid to 2 parts of water. This should be followed by
astringents, such as one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of
potassium placed on the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of
administering the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would
be to mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning in
a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period of five
days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of medicated salt
placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt may be prepared by
pouring 4 ounces of crude carbolic acid upon 12 quarts of ordinary barrel
salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed. The lesions of the feet should
be treated with a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid, while the fissures
and other lesions of the skin will be benefited by the application of
carbolized vaseline or zinc ointment. If the animals are treated in this
manner and carefully fed, the disease will rapidly disappear.
INDEX.
Abdomen--
dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 224
of calf, dropsy, description, and treatment, 180
wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 43
Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites affecting, 529
Abortion--
contagious--
description and causes, 165
treatment and prevention, 170
noncontagious--
causes, 165
treatment, 170
Abscess--
bacteria causing, 237
ear treatment, 355
lung, description, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 249
orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment, 352
Abscesses--
danger in castration of cattle, 300
treatment, 295
Absorbents, description, 75
_Achorion schonleinii_, fungus causing _Tinea favosa_, 332
Acids--
mineral, poisoning, description and treatment, 54
poisoning, description and treatment, 54
vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment, 61
Aconite poisoning, description and treatment, 63
Actinomycosis--
description and symptoms, 440-449
jawbone, description and treatment, 442
lungs, 442
prevention and treatment, 445-446
relation to public health, 447
Adenoma, description, 310
Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson, 7-11
Afterbirth, retention, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 220
Air tubes, lung, parasites affecting, description and treatment, 530
Air under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment, 334
Albumin, urine, description and treatment, 121
Albuminuria, description and treatment, 121
Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment, 59
Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 348
Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment, 149
Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 330
Anesthesia, uses in operations, 289
Aneurism, description, 85
Angioma tumor, description, 310
Animal Industry Bureau, experiments against hemorrhagic septicemia, 401
Animal parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ranson, 502-531
Animal products, poisonous, description and treatment, 71
Anthrax--
cause, symptoms, treatment, etc., 449-458
human, description, 458
serum, relation to blackleg, 458
symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc., 449-458
treatment by use of serum, 455
Aphtha, calf, description and treatment, 263
Aphtha parasite (_Saccharomyces albicans_), cause, 263
Aphthous fever. _See_ Foot-and-mouth disease.
Aphthous stomatitis, reference, 532
Apoplexy--
cerebral, description and treatment, 106
parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment, 226
Appetite--
depraved, description, causes and treatment, 28
Loss, symptom of foot-and-mouth disease, 383
Aqueous humor of eye, description, 341
Argentina, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment, 54
Arsenical dips--
for destroying cattle ticks, 488
use against screw worms, 507
Arsenical vapor, danger of inhalation in making cattle dip, 489
Arteries--
and veins, wounds, description and treatment, 83
obstruction, description and treatment, 85
_Ascaris vitulorum_, intestinal roundworm,
description and treatment, 524
Ascites--
causes, symptoms, and treatment, 47
description and treatment, 180
Asepsis in surgical operations, 289
Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment, 266
Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment, 111
Atkinson, V. T.--
chapter on "Bones: Diseases and accidents", 264-288
chapter on "Poison and poisoning", 51-70
Atrophy, description, 81
Auscultation, definition, 91
Austria-Hungary, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
_Bacillus_--
_cyanogenes_, causing blue milk, 242
_tuberculosis_, (_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_,
new terminology) causing tuberculosis, 407
Back, sprain, causes and treatment, 270
Bacteria--
causing abscess, 237
definition, 360
_Bacterium bovisepticum_, causing hemorrhagic septicemia, 397
Balkan countries, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Ball--
eye, description, 340
hair, in stomach, description, 29
Balls, use in administering medicines, 8
Bee stings, description and treatment, 71
Beef measles, discussion and management, 529
Belgium, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Benign tumors, description, 306
Big jaw. _See_ Actinomycosis.
Black quarter. _See_ Blackleg.
Blackleg--
description, cause and treatment, 459, 464
serum, relation to anthrax, 458
vaccine, note on distribution by Animal Industry Bureau, 463
Bladder--
eversion, description, and treatment, 218
or rectum, full, as obstruction to parturition, 178
palsy of neck, cause and treatment, 130
paralysis, causes and treatment, 128
rupture, symptoms, 218
spasms, description and treatment, 128
stone, symptoms and treatment, 142
Bladder worms--
affecting brain, description and treatment, 528
thin-necked, description and treatment, 528
Bleeding--
description and treatment, 83
lungs, description and treatment, 99
navel, cause and treatment, 248
nose, cause and treatment, 93
womb, description, symptoms, and treatment, 214
Blisters, water, symptoms and treatment, 328
Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 22
Blood--
clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment, 220
coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment, 179
description and influence of food on, 75
flukes (_Schistosoma bovis_), note, 526
parasites affecting, different kinds, 526
protozoa affecting, 510-536
vessels--
functions, 73
heart, lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh, 73-86
Bloodsuckers affecting cattle, description and treatment, 519
Bloody milk, cause and treatment, 241
Bloody urine--
caused by blood flukes, 526
description, symptoms, and treatment, 119
Blue disease, cause, 253
Blue lice (_HÊmatopinus eurysternus_ and _H. vitali_),
description, 512
Blue milk, cause and treatment, 242
Boils, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 328
Bones--
broken, description of kinds and treatment, 271-282
diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson, 264-288
dislocations, description and treatment, 282
face, fracture, description, and treatment, 277
luxations, description and treatment, 282
manner of nourishment, 264
number and description, 264
shape, classes, 265
Bony tumor, description and treatment, 314
_Boophilus annulatus_, Texas fever tick. _See Margaropus annulatus._
Bots affecting cattle, description and treatment, 507
Bovine tuberculosis and the public health, 429
Bowel hernia, description and treatment, 39
Bowels--
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 34-43
obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment, 35
twisting and knotting, symptoms, post-mortem appearance,
and treatment, 35
Brain--
and its membranes, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment, 103
bladder worms affecting, treatment, 527
_C[oe]nurus cerebralis_ _(Multiceps multiceps)_ affecting,
treatment, 527
concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment, 107
congestion, description and treatment, 106
description, 101
tumors, description, 112
Brazil, foot-and-mouth disease, 386
Breach--
navel, symptoms and treatment, 252
uterus, cause and treatment, 162
Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion, 247
Bronchial tubes, parasites affecting, 530
Bronchitis--
description, symptoms, and treatment, 94
verminous--
description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention, 100
parasite (_Strongylus micrurus_), cause, 100
Brush, report of foot-and-mouth disease in man, 394
Buffalo gnats, description and remedy, 505
Bull, ringing, method, 291
Bulls, susceptibility to sarcoptic mange, 517
Burns and scalds, causes and treatment, 333
Calculi--
classification, 137
forms in different situations, 138
in prepuce or sheath, treatment, 144
renal, description and treatment, 139
urethral, description and treatment, 139
urinary--
classification, 137
description and causes, 130
effect of different feeds, 131
Calculus--
blocking teats, treatment, 243
prevention, 141
vesical or urethral, symptoms and treatment, 142
Calf--
attention necessary at birth, 247
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