TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT
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o the American Farmer.-- The growth of Wheat Year after Year on the same Land, unmanured, with Farm-yard Manure, and with various Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers.
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immediately active and available. It is unquestionably true, that the same amount of nitrogen in barn-yard manure, will not produce so great an effect as its theoretical value would in
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for twenty-seven years, there has been a great loss of nitrogen. The same remarks apply to this case. No one ever advocates summer-fallowing land every other year, and sowing nothing
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d grass, root, stem, and branch, all are composed or made up of these same dozen elements. If I ask you what bread is made of, you say it is composed of the dozen elements aforesaid. I
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refreshes the plants, and fills the leaves with sap, precisely in the same way. All these fertilizing effects, however, belong to climate. It is inaccurate to associate either mulching
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and on the other. This will give you some good, rich muck, and at the same time drain your swamp. Then cut some _under-drains_ from _y_ towards the higher land at _w_, _v_, and _h_, an
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om the soil. In this way the “condition” of the soil would remain the same. If we sell _less_ than we develop, the condition of the soil will improve. By “condition,” I mean the amoun
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ed at the breweries with the “grains,” and are sold to milkmen at the same price--from 12 to 15 cents per bushel. Where their value is not known, they can, doubtless, be sometimes obta
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enting in an exposed heap for six months, it still contains about the same _percentage_ of water. When kept in the heap until August, the percentage of water is much greater. Of four t
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gen, and 30¾ lbs. of soluble mineral matter. If they buy a ton of the same manure that has been kept under cover until February, they get, nitrogen, 15 lbs.; soluble minerals, 42½ lbs.
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, and the manure becomes rapidly deteriorated in value, whilst at the same time it is diminished in weight. “21. Well-rotten dung is more readily affected by the deteriorating influen
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garden, more than two loads of the straw and corn manure. To get the same amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, you have to spend more than twice the labor in cleaning out
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imes, when comparatively dry, we use the refuse sheep bedding for the same purpose. Where the sheep barn is contiguous to the pig-pens, and when the sheep bedding can be thrown at once
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iately available. It makes it more soluble. We ferment manure for the same reason that we decompose bone-dust or mineral phosphates with sulphuric acid, and convert them into superphos
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nd in the manure.” How to keep cows tied up in the barn, and at the same time save all the urine, is one of the most difficult problems I have to deal with in the management of manur
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nd supporting 20 cows, would give us a gross return of $1,204.50. The same farm so improved as to produce 2¼ tons of hay or its equivalent, per acre--fed to 20 cows _capable of eating,
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this, his land has been growing richer and richer. And, in fact, the same is true of Mr. Geddes’ farm. It is richer land to-day than when first plowed, while there is one field that f
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80.4 ” ” ” ” Fresh solid cow-dung contains, according to the same authority, 90 per cent of water. I have frequently seen manure drawn out in the spring, that had not been de
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arch, April, May, and June, than wheat; and, consequently, to get the same amount of food, it is not necessary that the clover should have as much nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, et
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es of wheat, and as much potash as the produce from five acres of the same crop. Clover thus unquestionably removes from the land very much more mineral matter than does wheat; wheat,
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s, containing 61 lbs. of nitrogen; that is, there was very nearly the same quantity of roots and nitrogen in them, as that furnished in the soil from the brow of the hill. “The roots,
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f nitrogen per acre, that is, considerably more than was found in the same section of the soil where the clover was mown twice for hay; showing plainly, that during the ripening of the
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cre, and contained 100 lbs. of nitrogen. A few yards distance, on the same soil, where the clover was bad, the acre of roots contained only 31 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. So far, so go
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ments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year, on the Same Land. Table 1.--Manures And Produce; 1st Season, 1843-4. Manures and Seed (Old Red Lammas) Sown Autumn 1
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f manure again in 1845?” “Precisely that, Deacon,” said I, “and this same plot has received this amount of manure every year since, up to the present time--for these same experiments
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of corn and 789 lbs. of straw, which was the increase obtained by the same amount of ammoniacal salt on 10_a_, as compared with 10_b_. “It will be observed, however, that in the forme
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monia-salts alone on plot 10_a_, gave 19¼ bushels per acre, while the same quantity of ammonia, with superphosphate in addition, gave, on plot 9_b_, 25 bushels per acre. The addition
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--“What have you here?” --“Ammonia,” said I; and at 6_b_ he asked the same question, and I replied “ammonia.” At 7_a_, the same question and the same answer. Standing between 7_b_ and
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that the next year and the year after, the salt _was_ applied at the same time as the other manures. It gave an increase of 94 lbs. of grain and 61 lbs. of straw in 1851, but the foll
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uite 29 bushels per acre, and only weighed 55 lbs. per bushel. On the same plot, the year before, with precisely the same manure, the yield was nearly 37 bushels per acre, and the weig
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e consider that this is the twentieth wheat-crop in succession on the same land, these figures are certainly remarkable. “They are so,” said the Deacon, “and what to me is the most su
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king them together in a bottle, and allowing the soil to subside, the same result was obtained. The action, therefore, was in no way referable to any physical law brought into operatio
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s in the spring assumed a rich, dark green color. I have observed the same effect where coal-ashes were spread on grass-land; and I have thought that the apparent benefit was due large
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shes Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Tabl
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rs.] Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Tabl
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traw. “That will do,” said the Deacon, “but I see that in 1857, this same plot, with the same manure, produced 66½ bushels of dressed grain per acre, weighing 53½ lbs. to the bushel,
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nips does not enrich land for grain crops. Turnips were grown on the same land, year after year, for ten years. The land was then plowed and sown to barley for three years. The follow
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them. In 1857, I made the following experiments on potatoes, in the same field on which the preceding experiment was made in 1852. In this case, as before, the land was a two-year-o
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n autumn, has afforded a yield of about 70 bushels per acre, when the same amount applied in spring, gave only 50 bushels. A thin coating of manure applied to winter-wheat at the time
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And such facts and experiments as we have, seem to indicate that the same is also true of Indian corn. It is, at any rate, reasonable to suppose that, as Indian corn belongs to the sa
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Plot 10, with 400 lbs. of unleached wood-ashes per acre, produces the same quantity of _sound corn_, with an extra bushel of ‘nubbins’ per acre, as plot 1, without any manure at all; a
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gave an increase of 14½ tons per acre. And the following year, on the same land, it gave an increase of 13½ tons; and the next year, on the same land, over 9 tons.” “Yes,” said I, “th
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res did any good. Ellwanger & Barry also tried them, and reported the same negative result. This was several years ago, and I do not think any similar experiments have been made since.
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e land_, $1.06. “A ton of the fresh fæces,” said the Deacon, “at the same estimate, would be worth (20 lbs. nitrogen, at 20 cents, $4; 21¾ lbs. phosphoric acid, at 12½ cents, $2.70),
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ticle.” As to whether it is better, when you can buy nitrogen at the same price in nitrate of soda as you can in sulphate of ammonia, to use the one or the other will depend on circum
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crop of wheat. And the experience of farmers everywhere tends in the same direction. England is the greatest turnip-growing country in the world, and you will find that where one farm
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e, this was to be expected, and they had expected it much sooner. The same with wheat; he expected the end would come in a few years, but they had now gone on between 30 and 40 years.
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y giving to it the food necessary to grow good grasses, sowing at the same time a small quantity of the best seeds. I further suggested that a flock of sheep should be allowed to run o
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se in the fall for wheat, on land that has been cropped with oats the same year. The manure put on for potatoes is generally estimated to enrich the land sufficient for it to produce o
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ng for, 35-168 ” the 20th Crop on Same Land, 213 ” Top-dressing for, 270 ”
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value.” “Suppose, Deacon,” said he _quotation marks as in original (same speaker)_ carbonaceous matter and water, of little or no value?” _text has question mark after close quote_
contained 74 ” 50 ”
10 tons of dry earth after being used twice
contained 84 ” 88 ”
10 tons of dry earth after being used thrice
contained 102 ” 102 ”
After looking at the above figures, the Deacon remarked: “You say 10
tons of dry earth before being used in the closet contained 62 lbs. of
nitrogen. How much nitrogen does 10 tons of barn-yard manure contain?”
“That depends a good deal on what food the animals eat. Ten tons of
average fresh manure would contain about 80 lbs. of nitrogen.”
“Great are the mysteries of chemistry!” exclaimed the Deacon. “Ten tons
of dry earth contain almost as much nitrogen as 10 tons of barn-yard
manure, and yet you think that nitrogen is the most valuable thing in
manure. What shall we be told next?”
“You will be told, Deacon, that the nitrogen in the soil is in such a
form that the plants can take up only a small portion of it. But if you
will plow such land in the fall, and expose it to the disintegrating
effects of the frost, and plow it again in the spring, and let the sun
and air act upon it, more or less of the organic matter in the soil will
be decomposed, and the nitrogen rendered soluble. And then if you sow
this land to wheat after a good summer-fallow, you will stand a chance
of having a great crop.”
This dry earth which Dr. Vœlcker analyzed appeared, he says, “to be
ordinary garden soil, containing a considerable portion of clay.” After
it had been passed once through the closet, one ton of it was spread on
an acre of grass-land, which produced 2 tons 8 cwt. of hay. In a second
experiment, one ton, once passed through the closet, produced 2 tons 7
cwt. of hay per acre. We are not told how much hay the land produced
without any dressing at all. Still we may infer that this top-dressing
did considerable good. Of one thing, however, there can be no doubt.
This one ton of earth manure contained only 1¼ lb. more nitrogen and 1½
lb. more phosphoric acid than a ton of the dry earth itself. Why then
did it prove so valuable as a top-dressing for grass? I will not say
that it was due solely to the decomposition of the nitrogenous matter
and other plant-food in the earth, caused by the working over and
sifting and exposure to the air, and to the action of the night-soil.
Still it would seem that, so far as the beneficial effect was due to the
supply of plant-food, we must attribute it to the earth itself rather
than to the small amount of night-soil which it contained.
It is a very common thing in England, as I have said before, for farmers
to make a compost of the sods and earth from an old hedge-row, ditch, or
fence, and mix with it some lime or barn-yard manure. Then, after
turning it once or twice, and allowing it to remain in the heap for a
few months, to spread it on meadow-land. I have seen great benefit
apparently derived from such a top-dressing. The young grass in the
spring assumed a rich, dark green color. I have observed the same effect
where coal-ashes were spread on grass-land; and I have thought that the
apparent benefit was due largely to the material acting as a kind of
mulch, rather than to its supplying plant-food to the grass.
I doubt very much whether we can afford to make such a compost of earth
with lime, ashes, or manure in this country. But I feel sure that those
of us having rich clay land containing, in an inert form, as much
nitrogen and phosphoric acid as Dr. Vœlcker found in the soil to be used
in the earth-closet at Wakefield, can well afford to stir it freely, and
expose it to the disintegrating and decomposing action of the
atmosphere.
An acre of dry soil six inches deep weighs about 1,000 tons; and
consequently an acre of such soil as we are talking about would contain
6,200 lbs. of nitrogen, and 3,600 lbs. of phosphoric acid. In other
words, it contains to the depth of only six inches as much nitrogen as
would be furnished by 775 tons of common barn-yard manure, and as much
phosphoric acid as 900 tons of manure. With such facts as these before
us, am I to blame for urging farmers to cultivate their land more
thoroughly? I do not know that my land or the Deacon’s is as rich as
this English soil; but, at any rate, I see no reason why such should not
be the case.
CHAPTER XXIX.
MANURES FOR BARLEY.
Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert have published the results of experiments with
different manures on barley grown annually on the same land for twenty
years in succession. The experiments commenced in 1852.
The soil is of the same general character as that in the field on the
same farm where wheat was grown annually for so many years, and of which
we have given such a full account. It is what we should call a
calcareous clay loam. On my farm, we have what the men used to call
“clay spots.” These spots vary in size from two acres down to the tenth
of an acre. They rarely produced even a fair crop of corn or potatoes,
and the barley was seldom worth harvesting. Since I have drained the
land and taken special pains to bestow extra care in plowing and working
these hard and intractable portions of the fields, the “clay spots” have
disappeared, and are now nothing more than good, rather stiff, clay
loam, admirably adapted for wheat, barley, and oats, and capable of
producing good crops of corn, potatoes, and mangel-wurzels.
The land on which Mr. Lawes’ wheat and barley experiments were made is
not dissimilar in general character from these “clay spots.” If the land
was only half-worked, we should call it clay; but being thoroughly
cultivated, it is a good clay loam. Mr. Lawes describes it as “a
somewhat heavy loam, with a subsoil of raw, yellowish red clay, but
resting in its turn upon chalk, which provides good natural drainage.”
The part of the field devoted to the experiments was divided into 24
plots, about the fifth of an acre each.
Two plots were left without manure of any kind.
One plot was manured every year with 14 tons per acre of farm-yard
manure, and the other plots “with manures,” to quote Dr. Gilbert
“which respectively supplied certain constituents of farm-yard manure,
separately or in combination.”
In England, the best barley soils are usually lighter than the best
wheat soils. This is probably due to the fact that barley usually
follows a crop of turnips--more or less of which are eaten off on the
land by sheep. The trampling of the sheep compresses the soil, and makes
even a light, sandy one firmer in texture.
In this country, our best wheat land is also our best barley land,
_provided_ it is in good heart, and is very thoroughly worked. It is no
use sowing barley on heavy land half worked. It will do better on light
soils; but if the clayey soils are made fine and mellow, they produce
with us the best barley.
In chemical composition, barley is quite similar to wheat. Mr. Lawes and
Dr. Gilbert give the composition of a wheat-crop of 30 bushels per acre,
1,800 lbs. of grain, and 3,000 lbs. of straw; and of a crop of barley,
40 bushels per acre, 2,080 lbs. grain, and 2,500 lbs. of straw, as
follows:
----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------
| In Grain. | In Straw. | In Total Produce.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------+-------
| Wheat | Barley | Wheat | Barley | Wheat | Barley
| lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs.
Nitrogen | 32. | 33. | 13. | 12. | 45. | 45.
Phosphoric acid | 16. | 17. | 7. | 5. | 23. | 22.
Potash | 9.5 | 11.5 | 20.5 | 18.5 | 30. | 30.
Lime | 1. | 1.5 | 9. | 10.5 | 10. | 12.
Magnesia | 3.5 | 4. | 3. | 2.5 | 6.5 | 6.5
Silica | 0.5 | 12. | 99.5 | 63. | 100. | 75.
----------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------+-------
A few years ago, when the midge destroyed our wheat, many farmers in
Western New York raised “winter barley,” instead of “winter wheat,” and
I have seen remarkably heavy crops of this winter barley. It is not now
grown with us. The maltsters would not pay as much for it as for spring
barley, and as the midge troubles us less, our farmers are raising
winter wheat again.
Where, as with us, we raise winter wheat and spring barley, the
difference between the two crops, taking the above estimate of yield and
proportion of grain to straw, would be:
1st. Almost identical composition in regard to nitrogen, phosphoric
acid, potash, lime, and magnesia; but as it has more straw, the
wheat-crop removes a larger amount of silica than barley.
2d. The greatest difference is in the length of time the two crops are
in the ground. We sow our winter wheat the last of August, or the first
and second week in September. Before winter sets in, the wheat-plant
often throws out a bunch of roots a foot in length. During the winter,
though the thermometer goes down frequently to zero, and sometimes 10°
to 15° below zero, yet if the land is well covered with snow, it is not
improbable that the roots continue to absorb more or less food from the
ground, and store it up for future use. In the spring, the wheat
commences to grow before we can get the barley into the ground, though
not to any considerable extent. I have several times sown barley as soon
as the surface-soil was thawed out five or six inches deep, but with a
bed of solid frozen earth beneath.
3d. Two-rowed barley does not ripen as early as winter wheat, but our
ordinary six-rowed barley is ready to harvest the same time as our
winter wheat.
4th. We sow our barley usually in May, and harvest it in July. The
barley, therefore, has to take up its food rapidly. If we expect a good
growth, we must provide a good supply of food, and have it in the proper
condition for the roots to reach it and absorb it; in other words, the
land must be not only rich, but it must be so well worked that the roots
can spread out easily and rapidly in search of food and water. In this
country, you will find ten good wheat-growers to one good barley grower.
“That is so,” said the Deacon; “but tell us about Mr. Lawes’
experiments. I have more confidence in them than in your speculations.
And first of all what kind of land was the barley grown on?”
“It is,” said I, “rather heavy land--as heavy as what the men call
‘clay-spots,’ on my farm.”
“And on those clay-spots,” said the Deacon, “you either get very good
barley, or a crop not worth harvesting.”
“You have hit it exactly, Deacon,” said I. “The best barley I have this
year (1878) is on these clay-spots. And the reason is, that we gave them
an extra plowing last fall with a three-horse plow. That extra plowing
has probably given me an extra 30 bushels of barley per acre. The barley
on some of the lighter portions of the field will not yield over 25
bushels per acre. On the clay-spots, it looks now (June 13) as though
there would be over 50 bushels per acre. It is all headed out handsomely
on the clay-spots, and has a strong, dark, luxuriant appearance, while
on the sand, the crop is later and has a yellow, sickly look.”
“You ought,” said the Doctor, “to have top-dressed these poor, sandy
parts of the field with a little superphosphate and nitrate of soda.”
“It would have paid wonderfully well,” said I, “or, perhaps, more
correctly speaking, the loss would have been considerably less. We have
recently been advised by a distinguished writer, to apply manure to our
best land, and let the poor land take care of itself. But where the poor
land is in the same field with the good, we are obliged to plow, harrow,
cultivate, sow, and harvest the poor spots, and the question is, whether
we shall make them capable of producing a good crop by the application
of manure, or be at all the labor and expense of putting in and
harvesting a crop of chicken-feed and weeds. Artificial manures give us
a grand chance to make our crops more uniform.”
“You are certainly right there,” said the Doctor, “but let us examine
the Rothamsted experiments on barley.”
You will find the results in the following tables. The manures used,
are in many respects the same as were adopted in the wheat experiments
already given. The mineral or ash constituents were supplied as follows:
_Potash_--as sulphate of potash.
_Soda_--as sulphate of soda.
_Magnesia_--as sulphate of magnesia.
_Lime_--as sulphate, phosphate, and superphosphate.
_Phosphoric acid_--as bone-ash, mixed with sufficient sulphuric
acid to convert most of the insoluble earthy phosphate of
lime into sulphate and soluble superphosphate of lime.
_Sulphuric acid_--in the phosphatic mixture just mentioned; in
sulphates of potash, soda, and magnesia; in sulphate of ammonia,
etc.
_Chlorine_--in muriate of ammonia.
_Silica_--as artificial silicate of soda.
Other constituents were supplied as under:
_Nitrogen_--as sulphate and muriate of ammonia; as nitrate of
soda; in farm-yard manure; in rape-cake.
_Non-nitrogenous organic matter, yielding by decomposition, carbonic
acid, and other products_--in yard manure, in rape-cake.
The artificial manure or mixture for each plot was ground up, or
otherwise mixed, with a sufficient quantity of soil and turf-ashes to
make it up to a convenient measure for equal distribution over the land.
The mixtures so prepared were, with proper precautions, sown broadcast
by hand; as it has been found that the application of an exact amount of
manure, to a limited area of land, can be best accomplished in that way.
The same manures were used on the same plot each year. Any exceptions to
this rule are mentioned in foot-notes.
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table I.--Showing, _taken together with the foot-notes,_ the
description and quantities of the manures applied per acre on each
plot, in each year of the twenty, 1852-1871 inclusive.
[N.B. This table has reference to all the succeeding Tables].
---------+------------------------------------------------------
|Manures per Acre, per Annum (unless otherwise
Plots | stated in the foot-notes).
---------+------------------------------------------------------
1 O. |Unmanured continuously
2 O. |3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime*
3 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate of Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate
| Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
4 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass. 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda,
| 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
1 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts§
2 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
3 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
4 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia salts 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda
{2 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
‖{3 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
{ | 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
{4 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda
{2 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
{ | 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{3 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
{ | 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda,
{ | 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
{4 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
| 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda
| 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake
{2 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
**{3 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
{ | 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
{4 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 N. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda
††{2 N. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda (550 lbs. Nitrate for 5 years,
| 1853, 4, 5, 6, and 7)
M. |100 lbs. ‡‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate (commencing 1855; 1852, 3,
| and 4, unmanured
5 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
| (200 lbs. Ammonia-salts also, for the first year,
| 1852, only)
5 A. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate,
| 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts
6 {1 |Unmanured continuously
{2 |Ashes (burnt-soil and turf)
7 |14 Tons Farmyard-Manure
---------+------------------------------------------------------
[*: “3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime”--in all cases, made from 200
lbs. Bone ash, 150 lbs. Sulphuric acid sp. gr. 1.7 (and water).]
[†: Sulphate Potass--300 lbs. per annum for the first 6 years,
1852-7.]
[‡: Sulphate Soda--200 lbs. per annum for the first 6 years, 1852-7.]
[§: The “Ammonia-salts”--in all cases equal parts of Sulphate and
Muriate of Ammonia of Commerce.]
[‖: Plots “AA” and “AAS”--first 6 years, 1852-7, instead of Nitrate
of Soda, 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts per annum; next 10 years, 1858-67,
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts per annum; 1868, and since, 275 lbs. Nitrate
of Soda per annum. 275 lbs. Nitrate of Soda is reckoned to contain the
same amount of Nitrogen as 200 lbs. “Ammonia-salts.”]
[¶: Plots “AAS”--the application of Silicates did not commence until
1864; in ‘64-5-6, and 7, 200 lbs. Silicate of Soda and 200 lbs.
Silicate of Lime were applied per acre, but in 1868, and since, 400
lbs. Silicate of Soda, and no Silicate of Lime. These plots comprise,
respectively, one half of the original “AA” plots, and, excepting the
addition of the Silicates, have been, and are, in other respects,
manured in the same way as the “AA” plots.]
[**: 2000 lbs. Rape-cake per annum for the first 6 years, and 1000
lbs. only, each year since.]
[††: 300 lbs. Sulphate Potass, and 3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime,
without Nitrate of Soda, the first year (1852); Nitrate alone each
year since.]
[‡‡: Sulphate Soda--200 lbs. per annum 1855, 6, and 7.]
[Transcriber’s Note:
The following is an alternative version of the same table, giving the
information in the form used in all earlier tables.]
FM Farm-yard Manure.
ABT Ashes (burnt-soil and turf).
SiS Silicate of Soda.
SPh Superphosphate.
SMg Sulphate of Magnesia.
SP Sulphate of Potass.
SS Sulphate of Soda.
NS Nitrate of Soda.
RC Rape-Cake.
A-S Ammonia-salts.
-------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----
Plots | FM | ABT | SiS| SPh|SMg | SP | SS | NS | RC |A-S
-------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----
|Tons.| lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs.
1 O. | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | ..
2 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
3 O. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | ..
4 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | ..
1 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200
2 A. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200
3 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | 200
4 A. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | 200
{1 AA. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
{2 AA. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
SOURCES & PROVENANCE
1 listed
This page is an AI-organised index. The label means the grouping and cross-links were compiled with AI; the information itself comes from the public-domain books, reports and manuals listed below. Open any source to read the local copy or follow the link to the original publication.
PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK
Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject
primary
Full text in the local archive
Bibliographic record from the archive catalogue.