TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT TEXT

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Page 1 6 matches o the American Farmer.-- The growth of Wheat Year after Year on the same Land, unmanured, with Farm-yard Manure, and with various Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers. Page 2 4 matches immediately active and available. It is unquestionably true, that the same amount of nitrogen in barn-yard manure, will not produce so great an effect as its theoretical value would in Page 3 4 matches for twenty-seven years, there has been a great loss of nitrogen. The same remarks apply to this case. No one ever advocates summer-fallowing land every other year, and sowing nothing Page 4 4 matches d grass, root, stem, and branch, all are composed or made up of these same dozen elements. If I ask you what bread is made of, you say it is composed of the dozen elements aforesaid. I Page 5 2 matches refreshes the plants, and fills the leaves with sap, precisely in the same way. All these fertilizing effects, however, belong to climate. It is inaccurate to associate either mulching Page 6 7 matches and on the other. This will give you some good, rich muck, and at the same time drain your swamp. Then cut some _under-drains_ from _y_ towards the higher land at _w_, _v_, and _h_, an Page 7 4 matches om the soil. In this way the “condition” of the soil would remain the same. If we sell _less_ than we develop, the condition of the soil will improve. By “condition,” I mean the amoun Page 8 3 matches ed at the breweries with the “grains,” and are sold to milkmen at the same price--from 12 to 15 cents per bushel. Where their value is not known, they can, doubtless, be sometimes obta Page 9 10 matches enting in an exposed heap for six months, it still contains about the same _percentage_ of water. When kept in the heap until August, the percentage of water is much greater. Of four t Page 10 3 matches gen, and 30¾ lbs. of soluble mineral matter. If they buy a ton of the same manure that has been kept under cover until February, they get, nitrogen, 15 lbs.; soluble minerals, 42½ lbs. Page 11 2 matches , and the manure becomes rapidly deteriorated in value, whilst at the same time it is diminished in weight. “21. Well-rotten dung is more readily affected by the deteriorating influen Page 12 3 matches garden, more than two loads of the straw and corn manure. To get the same amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, you have to spend more than twice the labor in cleaning out Page 13 2 matches imes, when comparatively dry, we use the refuse sheep bedding for the same purpose. Where the sheep barn is contiguous to the pig-pens, and when the sheep bedding can be thrown at once Page 14 8 matches iately available. It makes it more soluble. We ferment manure for the same reason that we decompose bone-dust or mineral phosphates with sulphuric acid, and convert them into superphos Page 15 4 matches nd in the manure.” How to keep cows tied up in the barn, and at the same time save all the urine, is one of the most difficult problems I have to deal with in the management of manur Page 16 1 match nd supporting 20 cows, would give us a gross return of $1,204.50. The same farm so improved as to produce 2¼ tons of hay or its equivalent, per acre--fed to 20 cows _capable of eating, Page 17 1 match this, his land has been growing richer and richer. And, in fact, the same is true of Mr. Geddes’ farm. It is richer land to-day than when first plowed, while there is one field that f Page 18 9 matches 80.4 ” ” ” ” Fresh solid cow-dung contains, according to the same authority, 90 per cent of water. I have frequently seen manure drawn out in the spring, that had not been de Page 19 2 matches arch, April, May, and June, than wheat; and, consequently, to get the same amount of food, it is not necessary that the clover should have as much nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, et Page 20 7 matches es of wheat, and as much potash as the produce from five acres of the same crop. Clover thus unquestionably removes from the land very much more mineral matter than does wheat; wheat, Page 21 2 matches s, containing 61 lbs. of nitrogen; that is, there was very nearly the same quantity of roots and nitrogen in them, as that furnished in the soil from the brow of the hill. “The roots, Page 22 4 matches f nitrogen per acre, that is, considerably more than was found in the same section of the soil where the clover was mown twice for hay; showing plainly, that during the ripening of the Page 23 3 matches cre, and contained 100 lbs. of nitrogen. A few yards distance, on the same soil, where the clover was bad, the acre of roots contained only 31 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. So far, so go Page 24 3 matches ments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year, on the Same Land. Table 1.--Manures And Produce; 1st Season, 1843-4. Manures and Seed (Old Red Lammas) Sown Autumn 1 Page 25 3 matches f manure again in 1845?” “Precisely that, Deacon,” said I, “and this same plot has received this amount of manure every year since, up to the present time--for these same experiments Page 26 4 matches of corn and 789 lbs. of straw, which was the increase obtained by the same amount of ammoniacal salt on 10_a_, as compared with 10_b_. “It will be observed, however, that in the forme Page 27 3 matches monia-salts alone on plot 10_a_, gave 19¼ bushels per acre, while the same quantity of ammonia, with superphosphate in addition, gave, on plot 9_b_, 25 bushels per acre. The addition Page 28 9 matches --“What have you here?” --“Ammonia,” said I; and at 6_b_ he asked the same question, and I replied “ammonia.” At 7_a_, the same question and the same answer. Standing between 7_b_ and Page 29 6 matches that the next year and the year after, the salt _was_ applied at the same time as the other manures. It gave an increase of 94 lbs. of grain and 61 lbs. of straw in 1851, but the foll Page 30 2 matches uite 29 bushels per acre, and only weighed 55 lbs. per bushel. On the same plot, the year before, with precisely the same manure, the yield was nearly 37 bushels per acre, and the weig Page 31 3 matches e consider that this is the twentieth wheat-crop in succession on the same land, these figures are certainly remarkable. “They are so,” said the Deacon, “and what to me is the most su Page 32 6 matches king them together in a bottle, and allowing the soil to subside, the same result was obtained. The action, therefore, was in no way referable to any physical law brought into operatio Page 33 13 matches s in the spring assumed a rich, dark green color. I have observed the same effect where coal-ashes were spread on grass-land; and I have thought that the apparent benefit was due large Page 34 3 matches shes Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Tabl Page 35 1 match rs.] Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Tabl Page 36 6 matches traw. “That will do,” said the Deacon, “but I see that in 1857, this same plot, with the same manure, produced 66½ bushels of dressed grain per acre, weighing 53½ lbs. to the bushel, Page 37 3 matches nips does not enrich land for grain crops. Turnips were grown on the same land, year after year, for ten years. The land was then plowed and sown to barley for three years. The follow Page 38 8 matches them. In 1857, I made the following experiments on potatoes, in the same field on which the preceding experiment was made in 1852. In this case, as before, the land was a two-year-o Page 39 2 matches n autumn, has afforded a yield of about 70 bushels per acre, when the same amount applied in spring, gave only 50 bushels. A thin coating of manure applied to winter-wheat at the time Page 40 10 matches And such facts and experiments as we have, seem to indicate that the same is also true of Indian corn. It is, at any rate, reasonable to suppose that, as Indian corn belongs to the sa Page 41 13 matches Plot 10, with 400 lbs. of unleached wood-ashes per acre, produces the same quantity of _sound corn_, with an extra bushel of ‘nubbins’ per acre, as plot 1, without any manure at all; a Page 42 9 matches gave an increase of 14½ tons per acre. And the following year, on the same land, it gave an increase of 13½ tons; and the next year, on the same land, over 9 tons.” “Yes,” said I, “th Page 43 6 matches res did any good. Ellwanger & Barry also tried them, and reported the same negative result. This was several years ago, and I do not think any similar experiments have been made since. Page 44 2 matches e land_, $1.06. “A ton of the fresh fæces,” said the Deacon, “at the same estimate, would be worth (20 lbs. nitrogen, at 20 cents, $4; 21¾ lbs. phosphoric acid, at 12½ cents, $2.70), Page 45 6 matches ticle.” As to whether it is better, when you can buy nitrogen at the same price in nitrate of soda as you can in sulphate of ammonia, to use the one or the other will depend on circum Page 46 9 matches crop of wheat. And the experience of farmers everywhere tends in the same direction. England is the greatest turnip-growing country in the world, and you will find that where one farm Page 47 8 matches e, this was to be expected, and they had expected it much sooner. The same with wheat; he expected the end would come in a few years, but they had now gone on between 30 and 40 years. Page 48 2 matches y giving to it the food necessary to grow good grasses, sowing at the same time a small quantity of the best seeds. I further suggested that a flock of sheep should be allowed to run o Page 49 4 matches se in the fall for wheat, on land that has been cropped with oats the same year. The manure put on for potatoes is generally estimated to enrich the land sufficient for it to produce o Page 53 1 match ng for, 35-168 ” the 20th Crop on Same Land, 213 ” Top-dressing for, 270 ” Page 54 2 matches value.” “Suppose, Deacon,” said he _quotation marks as in original (same speaker)_ carbonaceous matter and water, of little or no value?” _text has question mark after close quote_

Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of, 246 Bean-straw for Manure, 48 Beets, Sugar, Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 288 ” ” Manure for, 286 Blood, 32 Bone-dust, 314 ” ” Composition of Compared with Stable Manure, 316 ” ” Fermented with Manure, 316 ” ” Made into Superphosphate, 319 ” ” on Dairy Farms, 315 Bones as Manure, 102 Bran, 26 ” for Manure, 102 ” Richer in Plant-food than Wheat, 301 Brewer, Prof. W. H., Letter from, 341 Cabbage and Barn-yard Manure, Composition of, 292 ” Composition of, 290-292 ” Hog and Cow Manure for, 302 ” Lime for, 292 ” Manure for, 275-290 ” Manure for Early and Late, 291 ” Needs a Large Supply of Nitrogen in the Soil. Though it Removes but Little, 293 ” Potash for, 292 ” Special Manure for, 323 ” Yield of per Acre, 291 Cattle vs. Sheep as Manure-makers, 303 Cheese, from a Ton of Hay, 111 ” Plant-food in, 101 ” versus Beef, 110 Clay Retains Ammonia, 219 Clover and Indian Corn, 275 ” as a Renovating and Exhausting Crop, 277 ” as Manure, 119-122 ” as Manure for Wheat, 158 ” Does it Get Nitrogen from the Atmosphere, 133-138 ” Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on, 135 ” for Wheat, 126 ” Gathers Up Manure from the Sub-soil, 287 ” Hay, Composition of, 129-137 ” Hay, English and German, for Manure, 47 ” How to Make a Farm Rich by Growing, 133-163 ” Letting it Rot on the Surface as Manure, 134 ” Nitrogen as a Manure for, 141 ” Pasturing by Sheep versus Mowing for Hay, 137 ” Plowing Under versus Feeding Out, 123 ” Roots, Amount of per Acre, 143-144-155 ” Roots, Composition of, 145-147 ” Seed, Amount of Roots per Acre, 162 ” Water Evaporated by, 132 ” Why it Enriches Land, 131 Coal-ashes to Mix with Artificial Manures, 312 Composting Cow-manure with Muck, Leaves, etc, 302 Compost of Stable-manure and Earth, 342 Corn, as a Renovating Crop, 275 ” Ashes for, 279 ” Barn-yard Manure for, 284 ” Cost of Raising, 9 ” Crop, Composition of, 25 ” Experiments on, 279 ” Guano for, 279-284 ” Manure for, 275 ” Meal for Manure, 185 ” Superphosphate for, 279-284 ” Fodder, 275 ” ” vs. Mangel-wurzels, 288 ” ” Plaster for, 277 ” ” vs. Wheat, Yield per acre, 276 Cotton-seed Cake, 46-339 Cow-manure, 86-100 ” ” and How to Use it, 302 ” ” Composition of, 306 Cows, Feeding Grain to, 110-113 ” Feeding in Winter for Manure, 256 Crops Best to Apply Manure to, 265 ” How to Get Larger, 28-36 ” Raised and Sold from the Farm, 27 ” Rotation of, 116-168 ” We Must Raise Larger per Acre, 266 ” Why so Poor, 28 Dairy Farms, Bone-dust on, 315 Drainage from Barn-yard, 306 Dry Earth for Pig Pens, 304 Earth-closet Manure, 310 ” ” ” on Grass, 225 Fallow, Fall, 12 ” for Wheat, How to--Mr. Lawes’ Experiments, 35 ” Summer, for Wheat, 15-34 Farm Dairy, Receipts and Expenses of, 109 ” Hon. George Geddes’, 119 ” Hon. Joseph Shull’s, 109 ” John Johnston’s, 76-81-120 ” Mr. Dewey’s, 39 ” Mr. Joseph O. Sheldon’s, 15 ” to Restore a Worn Out, 37 Farming, a Poor Business, 9 ” Difference Between High and Good, 11 ” Faith in Good, 14 ” Good Does Not Lead to Over Production, 14 ” Slow Work, 17 Fermenting Manure to Kill Weed-Seeds, 97 Fish as Manure, 347 Food, Nothing Added to it by the Animal, 42 Gardens, Manure for Private, 296 Geddes, Hon. George, 17-117 Grains, Malt, English and German, 47 Grass a Saving’s Bank, 41 ” Importance of Rich, 113 ” Manure for, 120 Guano as a Top-dressing for Wheat, 270 ” for Barley, 240 ” for Oats, 253 ” for Peas, 17 ” for Potatoes, 255-258 ” on Wheat, 120-180-184 ” Peruvian, Composition of, 311 ” ” for Onions, 294 ” ” Price and Composition of Now and 30 Y’rs Ago, 327 ” ” Rectified for Turnips, 286 ” ” What it is, 311 Gypsum, 104-116-126 ” for Oats, 254 ” for Peas, 17 ” for Potatoes, 255-259 Harison, T. L., Letter from, 115 Hay, Best Manure for, 274 ” Plant-food in, 101 Heacock, Joseph, Letter from, 348 Henderson, Peter, Letter from, 344 Hen Manure, 43-104-301 ” ” for Potatoes, 255 High Farming, 12 ” ” versus Good Farming, 11 Hops, Manure for, 274 Horse-manure, Composition of, 306 Hot-beds, Manure for, 297 Human Excrements, Composition of, 308 Indian Corn. See Corn. Irrigation on Market Gardens, 295 Jessup, Edward, Letter from, 342 Johnson, Prof. S. W., on the Value of Fertilizers, 324 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Barley, 227 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Oats, 252 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Permanent Meadows, 271 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on the Amount of Excrements Voided by Man, 309 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Sugar beets and Mangel-wurzels, 288 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Wheat, 170 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments, Potash Beneficial for Barley, 329 Lawes’ Table, Showing Composition and Value of Foods, 45 Lettuce, Manure for, 289 ” Superphosphate for, 290-293 Lewis, Hon. Harris, Letter from, 103 Liebig’s Special Manures, 321 Lime as Manure, 215 ” Beneficial Effect of for Thirty Years, 216 ” Changes the Chemical and Physical Character of the Soil, 224 ” Composting with Old Sods, 224 ” for Cabbage, 292 ” Hastens the Maturity of the Crop, 222 ” Impoverishes the Soil, 222 ” in Connecticut, 224 ” in Delaware, 223 ” in New Jersey, 223 ” in Pennsylvania, 224 ” Mixed with Barn-yard Manure, 222 ” on Grass Land, 223 ” on Lime-stone Land, 217 ” Quantity per Acre, 216 ” Sets Free Ammonia in the Soil, 221 ” Silicate Absorbs Ammonia from Atmosphere, 219 ” When to Apply, 223 ” Why Beneficial, 220 Liquid Manure, 306 Lowland, Draining, 30 Malt-combs, 46 Mangel-wurzels for Manure, 48 ” ” Manure for, 103-286-288 ” ” Yield per Acre, 11 Manure Absorbing Liquid, 115 ” Amount from Feed and Bedding, 78 ” Amount Made by a Horse, 50-346 ” ” Made by Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Pigs, 51 ” Amount Made on a 250-acre Farm, 257 ” Amount of Rain Required to Dissolve, 267 ” Amount of Straw in Horse, 346 ” and Rotation of Crops, 246 ” Applying Artificial, 312 ” Applying Near the Surface, 267 ” Applying on the Surface, 173 ” as Top-dressing, 269 ” Barn-yard for Barley, 240 ” Barn-yard vs. Artificial for Indian Corn, 284 ” Basin for, 92 ” Best for Hay, 274 ” Bone-dust, 314-316 ” Brings in Red Clover, 82 ” Buying, 306 ” Buying by Measure or Weight, 305 ” Buying by the Load or Ton, 306 ” Cellar, 114 ” Cheapest a Farmer Can Use, 127 ” Clover as, 119-122 ” Clover-seed as, 127 ” Comes from the Land, 42 ” Common Salt as, 200 ” Composition of Fresh Barnyard, 51 ” Composition of from Different Animals, 306 ” Composition of Heap at Different Periods, 57 ” Corn-meal for, 185 ” Cost of Hauling, 342 ” Cost of Loading and Drawing, 77 ” Cow, 87-100 ” Dairy-farm, How to Save and Apply, 114 ” Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on, 51 ” Drawing Out to the Field, 89 ” English Plan of Keeping, 69 ” Equivalent to Water, 296 ” Farm-yard for Potatoes, 261 ” Fermenting in Winter, 85-92-93 ” Fermenting, Shrinkage in, 116 ” Fire-fang, 84-98 ” Fish, as, on Long Island, 347 ” Foods which Make Rich, 45 ” for Cabbage, Parsnips, Onions, Carrots, Lettuce, etc, 289 ” for Corn, 80 ” for Grass, 82 ” for Hops, 274 ” for Hot-beds, 297 ” for Indian Corn, 275 ” for Mangel-wurzels and Sugar-beets, 287 ” for Market Gardens, 294 ” for Oats, 252 ” for Potatoes, 255 ” for Seed-growing Farms, 296 ” for Sorghum or Chinese Sugar-cane, 283 ” for Tobacco, 275 ” for Turnips, 285-322 ” for Wheat, 167 ” from Cows, 302 ” from Earth-closet, 310 ” from Oxen, 303 ” from Pigs, Mr. Lawes’ Experiments, 301 ” from Sheep, 303 ” Grain Farms, Management of, 117 ” Guano, Price of Now and Thirty Years Ago, 328 ” Guano, Rectified Peruvian, 319 ” Gypsum and Clover as, 125 ” Heap, Changes in, 67 ” ” Fermenting, 38 ” ” in Winter, 84 ” ” Piling in Field, 88-89-90 ” ” Turning, 88 ” Hen, 43-104-301 ” Horse, 32-86 ” Horse and Farm-yard, 50 ” How and When it Should be Applied, 267 ” How John Johnston Manages it, 76 ” How Made and Used in Maryland, 349 ” How the Deacon Makes it, 74 ” How to Make, 41 ” How to Make More, 256 ” How to Make More and Better on Dairy Farms, 105 ” How to Make Poor, Rich, 274-293 ” How to Make Richer, 257 ” How Much it Shrinks by Fermentation, 342 ” How Much Nitrogen in a Load of, 306 ” in Kansas, 340 ” in Philadelphia, Interesting Facts, 338 ” Keeping Under Cover, 59 ” Lime as, 215 ” Liquid, 306 ” Management of in Canada, 335 ” Mr. Lawes’ Experiments with, 95 ” Loss from Leaching, 99 ” Management of, 94 ” Market Value of, 104 ” Mixed with Lime, 222 ” Natural, 23 ” Night soil as, 308 ” Nitrate of Soda as, 134 ” Not Available, 95 ” on Dairy Farm, 101 ” on Permanent Meadows and Pastures, 271 ” Preserved by the Soil, 177 ” Pigs’, 86 ” Piling, 116 ” Potash as, 329 ” Price of in Boston, 344 ” ” ” Maryland, 339 ” ” ” New Haven, 341 ” ” ” New York, 334 ” ” per Horse in New York, 336 ” Quantity Made on a Farm, 12 ” Quantity of Used on Long Island. Interesting Statistics, 336 ” Reduced by Fermentation, 297 ” Richer in Plant-food than the Food

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PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject Harris, Joseph, 1828-1892primary

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