SPECIAL REPORT ON DISEASES OF CATTLE
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ny ways. The channel and method of administration depend on whether a general or local effect is desired, the condition of the animal, and the nature of the medicine that is to be given.
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gestion and cause local injury to the digestive organs, but may cause general poisoning of a severe and fatal type. The following molds have been shown (Dammann) to be dangerous in respe
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robang to push down any soft material, such as oats or chaff, as this generally condenses and renders firmer the obstructing substance by pressing its particles or elements together, so t
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e._--From the fact that this disease is largely one of regions, it is generally believed that some condition of the soil and water and of the local vegetation is responsible for it. It is
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aults in feeding than as a disease in itself. It occurs in almost all general fevers unless the bowels are involved in local disease, in obstructions of all kinds, from feeding on dry, bu
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he contents of the sac can not be returned into the abdomen, and this generally arises from the fact that some part of the contents of the sac has grown to or become adherent to the edges
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ote action may be exerted by the same drug. Poisons which act locally generally either destroy by corrosion the tissues with which they come in contact or by inhalation set up acute infla
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of chronic gastrointestinal catarrh, with indigestion, diarrhea, and general weakness and loss of condition. _Treatment._--The antidote for arsenic is a solution of hydrated oxid of iro
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onite is given whether indicated or not. Fortunately the dose used is generally small, and for this reason the damage done is much less than it would otherwise be. Aconite is one of the m
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the growth of bacteria, and bacteria may produce poisons in feeds. In general it may be said that any feed that is moldy, musty, or putrid is possibly dangerous. Silage, properly cured, d
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d often irregular. Respiration is difficult and rapid. There is great general weakness and depression. Death comes suddenly. _Treatment._--Treatment consists in supporting the animal by
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t of the diseases under consideration in this chapter. _Attitude and general condition._--The feeling of pain in animals suffering from serious affections of the organs of respiration is
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mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. When a primary disease, it is generally the result of what is commonly known as "catching cold." It may be secondary to or complicated with many of
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without much uncertainty. The first signs may be those of frenzy, but generally at the start the animal is dull and sleepy, with little or no inclination to move about; the head may be pr
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and up on account of the paralysis of the hind quarters. This form is generally attributed to feeding on feeds containing insufficient protein and ash. It is most likely to occur in cows
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passing of a catheter is an operation which demands special skill. _General symptoms of urinary disorders._--These are not so prominent in cattle as in horses, yet they are of a similar
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his advanced stage to relieve dropsy and give tone to the kidneys and general system (oil of turpentine, 2 teaspoonfuls; bicarbonate of soda, 1 teaspoonful, repeated twice a day). Pure wa
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ere are exceptions, they are so rare that they do not invalidate this general rule. It is true that stone in the kidney or bladder is often found in the summer or in animals feeding at th
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sting the special cause of each as found in the feed, water, soil, or general conditions of health. This classification affords no guide to their location or symptoms, as calculi of the s
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c., in Cornell University._ [Revised by Adolph Eichhorn, D. V. S.] GENERAL DISCUSSION. Diseases of the generative organs are practically confined to animals which are kept for reprodu
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and general obstacles to conception should be carefully investigated and removed. The vigorous health which comes from a
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will refuse the male persistently, but these in no way invalidate the general rule. The bull, no matter how vigorous or how ardent his sexual instinct, can not be made to pay any attenti
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med these findings. _Cause._--The _Bacterium abortus_ of Bang is now generally recognized as the causative agent of the disease of cattle. Formerly it was thought that abortion was due t
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w, however, is not substantiated by other investigators, it being now generally accepted that the disease is only rarely responsible for abortion, and further, that it exerts no apparent
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either in the flank or with a trocar and cannula through the anus. GENERAL DROPSY OF THE CALF. This occurs from watery blood or disease of some internal organ, like the liver or kidne
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re beset with similar drawbacks, and are to be dealt with on the same general principles. (Pl. XVII, fig. 4.) With the back turned to one side the body should be rotated until the back tu
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se. No part is wedged into the pelvic passages as a complication. The general principles are the same as in faulty presentation fore and hind, and no time should be lost in making the man
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eet engaged in pelvis. A very serious malpresentation, in which it is generally impossible to save the fetus if delivery is far advanced. The indications are to force back the hind feet.
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even gangrene are shown in the mass. At the moment of protrusion the general health is not altered, but soon the inflammation and fever with the violent and continued straining induce ex
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nt, simple or associated with putrefaction of its liquid contents and general poisoning, or it may extend so that the inflammation affects the lining membrane of the whole abdominal cavit
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s, dullness, drowsiness, suspension of rumination and appetite, and a general indifference to surrounding objects. Soon the cow lies down, or falls and is unable to rise, but for one or t
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tained with such offensive products should be thoroughly washed. The general treatment of contagious mammitis does not differ from that of the simple form, except that antiseptics should
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septic germ and is associated with fetid discharge from the navel and general putrid blood poisoning. In estimating the causes of the disease we must not omit debility of the calf when th
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t the presence of some of the septic bacteria, and the results on the general system are a high fever and softening of the liver and spleen and no tendency to abscesses of the internal or
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n this way. The same may come from disease in the cow's udder, or any general disease of the cow with attendant fever, and in all such cases the tendency is to rapid change and unwholesom
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appears desirable to describe some of the characteristics of forms in general and of a few classes into which they may be divided, leaving the special study of individual bones to the ill
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is one in which other structures surrounding the bones are injured. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURE.--When a fracture of one or more of the large bones of a limb occurs, symptoms are sure
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side will be less prominent than the other. Careful manipulation will generally move the parts so that crepitus may be recognized. If the fracture is through the posterior part of the bon
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ed three or four times at intervals of three weeks. The lameness will generally begin to disappear about the third or fourth month if the above-described treatment proves beneficial. Shou
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ack may be used. Various types of dehorning shears or clippers are in general use. One type of dehorner has a stationary knife edge with its cutting edge shaped like a very wide V, and op
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fully dealt with under another heading. We would add, however, that, generally speaking, the animal, after being castrated, should either be regularly exercised or be allowed freedom so
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ions of the tumor by a pathologist will be found most satisfactory. GENERAL TREATMENT OF TUMORS. For benign tumors treatment is required only when it damages the animal's value or when
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By M. R. TRUMBOWER, D. V. S. [Revised by John R. Mohler, V. M. D.] GENERAL DISCUSSION. The skin consists of two parts--a superficial layer, the epidermis, or cuticle, and the deep, or
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lved. We must endeavor to remove the cause by giving attention to the general health of the animal and to its environment. Feeding should be moderate in quantity and not too stimulating i
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e spontaneously or follow a scar after an injury. _Symptoms._--Kelis generally appears below the knee or hock, and may occur singly or in numbers. There are no constitutional symptoms. I
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d for a little distance forward on its outward surface, the cornea is generally said to be fitted into the sclerotic like a watch glass into its rim. The venous canal of Schlemm runs circ
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r of refraction is lost--the animal can not see. _Causes._--Cataract generally arises from a diminution (atrophy) or other change in the nutrition of the lens; it may occur as a result o
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RFY EARS. Cattle are subject to scurfy ears, which may be owing to a generally morbid condition of the skin, or may be confined to the ears alone. The affected animal shows an inclinatio
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he usual manner, by an inflammation of the lungs and pleurÊ, which is generally extensive, and which has a tendency to invade portions of these organs not primarily affected and to cause
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ay bloat and later be affected with a severe diarrhea. Such cases are generally fatal in 7 to 20 days. Very often the attack comes on slowly and the symptoms are much less clear. In the
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. It is then a difficult undertaking, simply because the contagion is generally widely disseminated before any measures are adopted, and because a great majority of cattle owners will nev
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ot or ground itch of cattle, the inflammation of the skin and toes is general and not in certain spots, as in foot-and-mouth disease. The mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the
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gives off the odor of rancid butter. The internal hemorrhages are not general, although they may occur. A microscopic examination of the juices from the tumefaction will show the blackleg
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animals or to damage the surroundings. The cow remains quiet and the general muscular contraction gives her a rigid appearance. There is an absence of paralysis which marks the advanced
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imals together, drafts of air which cause colds and catarrhs, and, in general, everything which prevents the animals from developing and maintaining the highest condition of health. None
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nd when the disease had yet made but little progress. It is now quite generally employed. The tuberculin test came into existence through the most careful and thorough scientific experim
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reameries, with the offal of the abattoirs, with the household refuse generally, and behind tuberculous cattle. If tuberculosis is common among cattle, it is likely to be transmitted to h
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tely fatal in cattle after eight to nine weeks; 4 likewise produced a generalized tuberculosis, but which certainly had a more chronic course, while 1 of the cultures caused only an infil
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fresh condition under a microscope magnifying up to 250 diameters the general structure is made out without much difficulty. These grains consist of collections of minute, roundish masses
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se. Actinomycosis is not infrequent in cattle in the Southwest and is generally supposed to be the result of eating the prickly fruit of the cactus plant, causing wounds of the mucous mem
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ys already described. If the disease begins in the skin, it agrees in general with the subacute form in prolonged duration, and it may occasionally terminate in recovery if the swellings
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_Symptoms and lesions._--The symptoms of blackleg may be either of a general or of a local nature, though more frequently of the latter. The general symptoms are very much like those bel
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of the multiplication of the bacilli at the point of inoculation. The general affection is an intoxication, or poisoning, of the whole system produced by a soluble toxin elaborated by the
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death, can be removed without pain to the animal. The intestines are generally normal, but, together with the peritoneum, they may be inflamed, and the lungs are usually the seat of an e
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d show very plainly. (Pl. XLVI, figs. 6 and 7.) _Prevention._--It is generally accepted that if southern cattle are entirely free from that species of tick known as _Margaropus annulatus
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apsed to leave no doubt that eradication has been accomplished. As a general rule it has been found that if dipping is begun in March and systematically and thoroughly done, all cattle b
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thereby retard the final recovery. Medical treatment of the sick has generally been unsatisfactory, although in chronic cases and those occurring late in the fall beneficial results have
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t damage the horn, and congregate there only to rest. In view of the general practice of dehorning cattle, the name hornfly is less distinctive than it once was. Moreover, hornflies rest
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sed that the ox warbles of this country were all of the one kind. The general appearance, life history, and effects of the European species are much the same as those of the American form
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gh this parasite has been accused of producing serious effects, it is generally considered harmless. Several species of roundworms may occur in the fourth stomach. Two of these are of sp
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of the animal may be comparatively good. It is rare that one sees a generalized edema in slaughtered cattle as a result of fluke invasion, and even in the heaviest infections of you
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iption, symptoms, and treatment, 464-469 dropsy-- general, cause and treatment, 180 of abdomen, description and treatment,
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bones, description and treatment, 277 general symptoms and treatment, 272, 273 hip point, causes and treatment,
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id, description and treatment, 350 general treatment, 309 kidney, description,
that a given animal has rabies, since the symptoms given above belong in
part to a variety of other diseases, among which may be mentioned the
excitement seen in young animals following close confinement, certain
vegetable and mineral poisons, acute enteritis, and alterations of the
central nervous system in cattle, the most common of which is tuberculosis
of the brain and its covering membranes. The post-mortem lesions, however,
should assist in making a correct diagnosis. Tetanus may readily be
differentiated from rabies by the persistence of muscular cramps,
especially of the face and abdomen, which cause these muscles to become set
and as hard as wood. In tetanus there is also an absence of a depraved
appetite or of a willful propensity to hurt other animals or to damage the
surroundings. The cow remains quiet and the general muscular contraction
gives her a rigid appearance. There is an absence of paralysis which marks
the advanced stage of rabies. The form of dumb rabies in dogs is
characterized by the paralysis and pendency of the lower jaw, while in
tetanus the jaws are locked. This locking of the jaws in cattle renders the
animal incapable of bellowing, as in rabies. Finally, tetanus may be
distinguished from rabies by the fact that the central nervous system does
not contain the infectious principle, while in rabies the inoculation of
test rabbits with the brain or cord of a rabid animal will produce the
disease with characteristic symptoms after an interval of 15 to 20 days.
This period of incubation is much longer than in tetanus, since the
inoculation of rabbits with tetanus cultures invariably results in death
after a short period and usually within three days. The positive evidence
that a rabid dog has been near cattle would greatly assist in making a
decision in doubtful cases.
The disease in dogs is pretty well recognized by most people, but in case a
suspected dog is killed it is desirable to open the animal and examine the
contents of the stomach. While feed is absent, a variety of odd things may
be present which the abnormally changed appetite of the rabid dog has
induced it to swallow. Among such things may be straws, sticks, glass,
rags, earth, pieces of leather, and whatever the animal may have
encountered small enough to be swallowed. This miscellaneous collection in
the stomach of dogs, together with absence of feed, is regarded by
authorities as a very valuable sign, and in case of doubt may be made use
of by laymen. In important cases, however, the head of the dog, cow, or
other suspected animal should be removed and sent to the nearest biological
laboratory, where a positive diagnosis can be made within 36 hours by the
histological examination of the plexiform nerve ganglia, and within two or
three weeks by the intracerebral inoculation of rabbits with an emulsion of
the brain of the suspected animal.
_Treatment._--This is useless after the first appearance of symptoms. When,
however, a wound inflicted by a rabid animal can be discovered, it should
be immediately cauterized or even completely extirpated, care being taken
to cut entirely around the wound in the healthy tissues. For cauterizing
the wound, fuming nitric acid, the hot iron, and 10 per cent solution of
zinc chlorid are the most efficacious. To afford an absolute protection,
this should be done within a few moments after the bite has been inflicted,
although even as late as a few hours it has been known to thwart the
development of the disease.
Pasteur originated and perfected a system of preventive inoculation against
this disease which has greatly reduced the mortality in human subjects. Its
application to animals, however, is difficult and requires considerable
time and expense. A method of vaccination applicable to animals, consisting
of a single injection of a suspension of "fixed" rabies virus, is now being
quite extensively employed by veterinarians. Sanitary regulations which
seek to control effectively the disease by exterminating it among dogs are
most likely to prove successful. The measures which are adopted to this end
can not be discussed in this place, but it is a striking fact that where
the muzzling of all dogs has been rigidly enforced, as in England and in
certain German districts, the disease has been practically stamped out.
TUBERCULOSIS.
[Pls. XXXIV-XXXVIII.]
Tuberculosis is an infectious and communicable disease characterized in its
early stages by the formation, in various organs of the body, of minute
nodules or tubercles, which contain _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_, the cause
of the disease.
The disease, in its various manifestations, has been known for many
centuries, and legislative enactments having reference to the destruction
of affected animals and forbidding the use of the flesh date far back into
the Middle Ages. The opinions entertained regarding the nature and the
cause of the malady varied much in different periods and very markedly
influenced the laws and regulations in vogue. Thus, in the sixteenth
century, the disease was considered identical with syphilis in man. In
consequence of this belief very stringent laws were enacted, which made the
destruction of tuberculous cattle compulsory. In the eighteenth century
this erroneous conception of the nature of the disease was abandoned and
all restrictions against the use of meat were removed. Since that time,
however, its communicable nature has been established by many
investigators, and the tide of opinion has again turned in favor of
repressing the disease and prohibiting the sale of contaminated products.
_Occurrence._--The statistics concerning tuberculosis show that it is a
disease prevalent in all civilized countries. In some countries, such as
the northern part of Norway and Sweden, on the steppes of eastern Europe
and Russia, in Sicily and Iceland, and in Algiers, it is said to be quite
rare.
The returns from testing British cattle with tuberculin, supplied by the
Royal Veterinary College, as stated in March, 1900, showed that among
15,392 animals tested 4,105, or 26 per cent, reacted.
During the slaughter of cattle for pleuropneumonia careful examinations of
the carcasses were made for tuberculosis. Of 300 head killed near Edinburgh
120, or 40 per cent, were tuberculous. Of 4,160 killed in England 20 per
cent were tuberculous. Of one of these lots of cattle (451 animals) the
president of the Lancashire Farmers' Association testified that they were
fairly representative cattle--cows, heifers, and growing stock--a
thoroughly mixed lot; 20 per cent of them had tuberculosis.
Of 398 bovine animals taken haphazard in the city of Manchester, 120, or 30
per cent, were tuberculous. Among them were 168 cows, 69, or 41 per cent,
being tuberculous, and 2 having diseased udders.
The result of testing the Queen's herd at Windsor was that 36 out of 40, or
90 per cent, were found tuberculous.
The investigations made by the British Dairy Farmers' Association deserve
particular attention, coming as they do directly from a cattle owners'
organization. The council of this association "resolved to submit the
general consideration of the question to a committee, with a view to some
more definite understanding as to the possible extent to which tuberculosis
exists in dairy cattle." The secretary was instructed to write to a number
of dairy farmers being members of the association, asking their cooperation
and the use of their herds for the application of the tests. Of the herds
offered, 9 were selected, containing 461 cows and 12 bulls, and 188 of
these animals reacted, being 40.8 per cent. There were among these cattle
335 Shorthorns, of which 119, or 35 per cent, reacted; 67 crossbreds, of
which 28, or 42 per cent, reacted; 47 Ayrshires, of which 37, or 80 per
cent, reacted.
Another experiment of much interest is that of the Cheshire County Council.
The technical instruction committee set aside £250 to be used by a joint
committee from the agricultural and horticultural schools and Worleson
Dairy Institute for applying the tuberculin test to their herds. The tests
were made February 15, 1899. The results were: Worleson herd of 54 animals,
16 diseased, or 29.6 per cent; agricultural school herd of 17 animals, 4
diseased, or 23.5 per cent. The Worleson herd consisted of Shorthorn cows.
In each herd the purebred Shorthorn bull was tuberculous. The results of
the tuberculin test were confirmed by the slaughter of the animals and
examination of the carcasses.
Sir T. D. G. Carmichael, member of Parliament for Midlothian, gave evidence
before the royal commission that his Polled Angus herd was tested in the
spring of 1895. "The results of the test were fearfully unexpected and
alarming." Of 30 tested 13 showed decided reaction--43 per cent. Again, he
speaks of having 41 animals tested the same spring and 16 reacted--39.5 per
cent.
Of 80 Shorthorn cattle intended for export which were tested 34 reacted, or
42 per cent.
Of a herd of 25 British Shorthorns recently tested in quarantine 40 per
cent were found tuberculous.
The addition of these animals above referred to gives 20,930 head examined
and 5,441, or 26 per cent, pronounced tuberculous. And these herds were not
selected because they were supposed to be tuberculous, but represent the
general cattle stock of the country. These animals included at least 470
head of Shorthorns, of which 170, or 34 per cent, were tuberculous.
To these facts may be added the evidence of Prof. Bang that in the first
half of the nineteenth century tuberculosis was brought to Denmark by
cattle from Switzerland, Schleswig, and England, and that the same thing is
now going on in Sweden and Norway, particularly through English cattle.
Also the evidence of M. Sivori, chief of section at the ministry of
agriculture, Argentina, who has investigated tuberculosis in that country
and who says that "30 or 40 years ago tuberculosis was unknown in Argentine
cattle, and it is still unknown among the native (criollo) cattle. Its
appearance dates from the introduction of pure breeding animals. Statistics
prove that tuberculosis is observed among the grades--above all among those
of the Durham and less among the Hereford."
Moreover, the reports of the royal commission of Victoria, Australia, and
of the New Zealand department of agriculture show a large proportion of
tuberculous cattle in those colonies, where the disease was almost
certainly carried by British cattle.
In the same manner that tuberculosis has been carried from Great Britain to
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Argentina, and Australia, it has also been taken
to Canada. In one herd of imported cattle slaughtered in the Canadian
quarantine station, 13 of the 14 animals were found tuberculous. One of the
largest Shorthorn herds in Canada was some time ago tested because an
animal from it was condemned when offered for shipment to the United
States. This herd was found to be very badly affected, and an effort is
being made to eradicate the disease by the Bang method. A Canadian official
publication says of another Shorthorn herd, which at one time had a very
high reputation, that when an investigation in regard to tuberculosis was
recently made the disease was found among ordinary cattle wherever animals
from this herd had been introduced, and that this herd, which had been
looked upon as one of the greatest benefits to the farming community, was
really a danger, because it disseminated tuberculosis among the farmers'
herds. Still another well-known herd recently attracted attention because
four animals from it offered for export to the United States were all
tuberculous.
From December 23, 1900, to February 19, 1901, the period that the
department inspector tested all Canadian cattle intended for shipment to
the United States, 140 purebred Shorthorns and 3 Shorthorn grades were
tested, and of the total number 26, or 18 per cent, reacted. During the
first month that this inspection was enforced, and when it may be assumed
that the condition of the cattle most nearly represented what it had
previously been, 74 cattle were offered for importation, and 18, or 24.3
per cent, were found tuberculous.
In justice to Shorthorn cattle it should be said in this connection that
they are probably no more susceptible to tuberculosis than are other
breeds, but the disease has been allowed to spread in certain herds and
families to such an extent as to give a wrong impression concerning the
breed as a whole.
The slaughterhouse statistics of Prussia show 14.6 per cent of the cattle
and 2.14 per cent of the hogs to be tuberculous. In Saxony the percentage
is 29.13 with cattle and 3.10 with hogs. In the city of Leipzig the figures
are 36.4 for cattle and 2.17 for hogs. (Siedamgrotzky.) Of 20,850 animals
in Belgium tested with tuberculin in 1896, 48.88 per cent reacted.
(Stubbe.) Of 25,439 tested in Denmark from 1893 to 1895, 49.3 per cent
reacted; and of 67,263 tested from 1896 to 1898, 32.8 per cent reacted.
(Bang.)
Figures available in the United States allow us to make a reliable estimate
of the extent of tuberculosis of cattle. The following summary is
presented:
_Statistics of tests for tuberculosis in the United States, 1917 to March
1, 1922._
-----------------------+---------+------------+-------------
State. | Number | Number | Per cent
| tested. |tuberculous.|tuberculous.
-----------------------+---------+------------+-------------
Alabama | 68,772 | 1,071 | 1.6
Arkansas | 5,917 | 98 | 1.7
Colorado | 1,959 | 76 | 3.9
Connecticut | 29,286 | 4,695 | 16.0
Delaware | 19,003 | 2,132 | 11.2
Florida | 56,533 | 1,438 | 2.5
Georgia | 46,522 | 998 | 2.1
Idaho | 57,731 | 1,052 | 1.8
Illinois | 92,781 | 6,112 | 6.6
Indiana | 142,833 | 3,991 | 2.8
Iowa | 158,514 | 9,958 | 6.3
Kansas | 64,341 | 1,796 | 2.8
Kentucky | 66,839 | 1,492 | 2.2
Louisiana | 36,391 | 981 | 2.7
Maine | 67,406 | 1,792 | 2.7
Maryland | 65,888 | 5,491 | 8.3
Massachusetts | 26,297 | 2,371 | 9.0
Michigan | 163,323 | 5,361 | 3.3
Minnesota | 240,888 | 7,555 | 3.1
Mississippi | 99,245 | 503 | .5
Missouri | 196,208 | 2,587 | 1.3
Montana | 165,640 | 3,346 | 2.0
Nebraska | 125,162 | 3,947 | 3.2
Nevada | 29,541 | 1,042 | 3.5
New Hampshire | 16,623 | 1,697 | 10.2
New Jersey | 32,184 | 2,542 | 7.9
New Mexico | 3,897 | 39 | 1.0
New York | 167,852 | 23,071 | 13.7
North Carolina | 64,008 | 1,098 | 1.7
North Dakota | 139,501 | 4,142 | 3.0
Ohio | 97,612 | 4,470 | 4.6
Oklahoma | 67,522 | 2,453 | 3.6
Oregon | 123,792 | 2,581 | 2.1
Pennsylvania | 102,465 | 6,322 | 6.2
Rhode Island | 3,458 | 338 | 9.8
South Carolina | 41,868 | 740 | 1.8
South Dakota | 43,433 | 2,353 | 5.4
Tennessee | 63,631 | 956 | 1.5
Texas | 61,956 | 1,256 | 2.0
Utah | 59,711 | 586 | 1.0
Vermont | 160,361 | 11,486 | 7.2
Virginia | 135,677 | 3,881 | 2.9
Washington | 154,292 | 3,864 | 2.5
West Virginia | 36,603 | 798 | 2.2
Wisconsin | 285,269 | 8,166 | 2.9
Wyoming | 22,811 | 322 | 1.4
-----------------------+---------+------------+-------------
Reports of tuberculin tests made on 400,000 cattle in the United States
during the years 1893 to 1908 by Federal, State, and other officers with
tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry show 37,008 reactions,
or 9.25 per cent. These were mostly dairy cattle, and in some cases herds
were suspected of being diseased.
Later reports of tuberculin tests made in the United States from July 1,
1917, to March 1, 1922, on 3,911,546 cattle by State, county, and Federal
officers engaged in cooperative tuberculosis eradication work showed
153,046 reactions, or 3.9 per cent.
All cattle in the District of Columbia, numbering 1,701, were tested with
tuberculin in 1909-10, and 18.87 per cent reacted. In 1909-11 herds in
Maryland and Virginia supplying milk to the District of Columbia were
tested, with 19.03 and 15.38 per cent of reactions, respectively, among
4,501 cattle.
All cattle in the District of Columbia were tuberculin tested in 1920-21,
numbering 1,313, and 5 animals reacted, or 0.4 per cent, demonstrating that
tuberculosis may be eradicated from all the herds in a circumscribed area.
The beef cattle of the United States show a much smaller proportion of the
disease than dairy cattle, though the percentage of cattle found
tuberculous in the Government meat-inspection service has increased
considerably in recent years. This increase is due partly, but not wholly,
to more stringent inspection. Of 7,781,030 adult cattle slaughtered under
Federal inspection during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1911, 76,448 were
found tuberculous, a percentage of 0.98.
From the statistics above referred to, and other data, it appears that in
the more densely populated areas of Europe and America from 5 to 50 per
cent of the dairy cattle are more or less affected with tuberculosis, while
the proportion of beef cattle affected is distinctly less, ranging from
0.14 to 30 per cent. This difference is due to a number of causes. Beef
cattle average younger when slaughtered. They are not so frequently
stabled, and are for that reason less liable to infection, and as the males
constitute a large proportion of this class of animals the effect of milk
secretion in lowering the vital forces is not so apparent. In the United
States it has been estimated that about 10 per cent of the dairy cattle are
tuberculous, while only about 2 per cent of the beef cattle are so
infected.
_Cause and nature of the disease._--The cause of tuberculosis is the
tubercle bacillus, which gains entrance to the body, lodges somewhere in
the tissues, and begins to grow and multiply at that point. As this
bacillus vegetates and increases in numbers it excretes substances which
act as irritants and poisons and which lead to the formation of a small
nodule, called a tubercle, at the point of irritation. As the bacilli are
disseminated through the animal body they affect many parts and cause the
formation of an enormous number of tubercles. By the union of such
tubercles, masses of tubercular material are formed, which in some cases
are of great size. The disease is called tuberculosis because it is
characterized by the formation of these peculiar nodules, and the bacillus
which causes the disease is for the same reason known technically as the
_Mycobacterium tuberculosis._
There are undoubtedly predisposing conditions which contribute toward the
development of the disease; some of these are found in the animal body and
others in the environment. An enfeebled condition caused by insufficient
feed, exposure to great extremes of atmospheric temperature and insanitary
surroundings, or the drain occasioned by heavy production of milk, appear
to aid the development of the bacillus, and there is also a special
individual susceptibility in some cases which may be otherwise described as
SOURCES & PROVENANCE
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