TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT
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* * * * * TALKS ON MANURES. A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Oth
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us, and this fact explains and confirms the common idea that shade is manure. The great object of agriculture is to convert the nitrogen of our soils, or of green crops plowed under,
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buy such food as will furnish the most nutriment and make the richest manure at the least cost--taking both of these objects into consideration. He will also buy more or less artifici
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manure one. Is this “high farming?” I think in my circumstances it is good farming, but it is not high farming. I
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or is defective, inasmuch as it makes no distinction between soil and manure. Both contain plant-food.” “What is your definition of manure?” asked Charley; “it would seem as though w
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manure, will almost invariably give us a greatly increased yield of grain crops. I should expect, on my farm, tha
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grass. And as all this produce was consumed on the farm, we made more manure than if we had plowed less land.” I have great faith in the benefits of thorough tillage--or, in other wo
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for manure alone, found it still more profitable to use it first for food, and then for manure afterwards. Mr. Lawes,
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depreciation of the value of the manure. In the foregoing analyses he will find the direct proof that as long as heavy showers of rain are exclude
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The above analyses are of value to those who buy fresh and fermented manure. They can form some idea of what they are getting. If they buy a ton of fresh manure in November, they get
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ectual means of preventing loss in fertilizing matters is to cart the manure directly on the field whenever circumstances allow this to be done. “7. On all soils with a moderate prop
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manure is handled but once. It is made in the yard and sheds, and lies there until it is drawn to the field in th
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corn-stalks and straw, and what they do not eat is thrown out of the mangers and racks, and used for bedding. I should state, too, that I keep a good many pigs, seldom having less t
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se and cart we drew to this heap, just as winter set in, every bit of manure that could be found on the premises, and everything that would make manure. When got all together, it made
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gument,” said the Deacon, “against your plan of piling and fermenting manure.” “Not at all,” I replied; “it is a strong reason for not letting manure lie under the eaves of an unspou
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oductive meadow or pasture for years to come--or until our young dairyman could afford to give it one of Harris Lewis’ “homœopathic” doses of 40 loads of good manure per acre. He woul
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In regard to the application of manure on a dairy-farm, we have seen what Harris Lewis does with his. I also wrote to T. L. Harison, Esq., of St.
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ed nothing but straw to stock is poor economy; and to rot it down for manure is no better. Straw itself is not worth $3.00 a ton for manure; and as one ton of straw, spread in an open
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or soiling, or make it into hay, feed it out to stock, and return the manure to the land. If clover got its nitrogen from the atmosphere, we might sell the clover, and depend on the r
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well known, is specially benefited by the application of nitrogenous manures, and as clover carries off so large a quantity of nitrogen, it is natural to expect the yield of wheat, a
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however, by no means proves its sufficiency for the production of so many crops of wheat; for, in the first place, it can not be shown that the whole of the phosphoric acid found by
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und in the clover-roots from the part of the field twice mown. In the manure, in which the decay of such and similar organic remains proceeds, much of the non-nitrogenous, or carbonac
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ch, by good cultivation, and the liberal use of animal and artificial manures, they may expect a good crop of wheat from the roots of the clover. But they take good care to feed out t
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wheat, or we must make more and richer manure, or we must plow in more clover. The rotation, which many of us now adopt--corn, barley, wheat--is profita
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crease per | | | Produce per Acre, etc. |Acre by Manure.| | | P --------------+----+----+----+----+---------------+ | | l Dressed corn. | |
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reduced the plots, previously so differently circumstanced both as to manure and produce, to something like an uniform standard as regards their grain-producing qualities. “Plot 2 ha
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.. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500 | 20 | Unmanured.| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21}| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
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with the difference in the crop; 8_a_ was left this year without any manure, and though it had received a liberal supply of mineral manures the year before, and minerals and ammonia-
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+----+----+------+-----+------+----+----+--- The plot continuously unmanured, gives about 16 bushels of wheat per acre. The plot with barn-yard manure, nearly 30 bushels per acre.
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per Acre, || | Produce per Acre, | etc. (For the Manures || | etc. (For the Manures P | see pp. 202 and 203.) || P | see pp. 202 and 203.)
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until the 16th of March 1853. You will see that the produce on the unmanured plot was less than 6 bushels per acre. With barn-yard manure, 19 bushels, and with a heavy dressing of am
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om the air_. This is an important fact. Lime may act beneficially on many or most soils by converting the soda silicate into a lime silicate, or, in other words, converting a salt th
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ined 62 lbs. of nitrogen. How much nitrogen does 10 tons of barn-yard manure contain?” “That depends a good deal on what food the animals eat. Ten tons of average fresh manure would
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| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 6{1 | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | .. {2* | .. |<..> | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 7 | 14 | .. | .
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on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Table V.--Straw (and cha
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a good crop. The unmanured plot, it will be seen, yielded over 35 bushels per acre of dressed grain, weighing over 53½ lbs. per bush
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heat, or barley after barley, we do not get half the benefit from the manure which it is theoretically capable of producing. Now, the question is, whether by a judicious rotation of
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eed out this amount of bran and cake, and you would have 800 loads of manure, worth _on the land_ $2,226.96, or, estimating as before that it cost 30 cents a load to handle it, its ne
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of land will grow 25 bushels of corn every year, we should aim to so manage it, that it will grow 50 every other year, or 75 every third year, or, if the _climate_ is capable of doin
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and when _potash_ is added to the manure, the yield is still further increased.” “Answer me one question,” said the Deacon, “and let us leave the
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“We may conclude, therefore, that on this soil, which has never been manured, and which has been cultivated for many years with the _Ceralia_--or, in other words, with crops which re
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common salt, alone, or with other manures, had comparatively little effect. Practically, when we want to grow a good crop of beets or mangels, the
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richer the manure is in nitrogenous matter, and the more thoroughly this is distributed through the manure, the more readily
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-------------+-------+--------- No.| Kind And Condition Of Manures. | Wt/Bu | Wt/Load ---+--------------------------------------------+-------+--------- |
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“if it could be purchased at the same price, it would be the cheaper manure. It contains 46½ per cent of potash, and on soils, or for crops where potash is needed, we may sometimes b
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n fact a patent was taken out by the Musgraves, of Liverpool, for the manufacture of Liebig’s Special Manures, based on this theory. But the manures, though extensively used by the le
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d 20 or 25 years ago. It may be, that the guano is still the cheapest manure in the market, but at any rate the price is higher than formerly--while there has been no corresponding ad
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proportion, considerably lower than that grown on the continuously unmanured land. These results, if they are to be accepted as correct, must bring about a very considerable change
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an invaluable acquisition to the agricultural literature of the day. Manure in this city is usually sold by the two-horse load--about 1½ tons--at the rate of $1 per load, or 66 cents
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----+------++-----+----+-----++ m t |Food|100 I| Man.|Resp. || Inc.|Man.|Resp.|| t d. ---------------------+----+-----+-----+------++-----+----+-----++-----
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--+----+----+----+----+----+----- B.--AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS MANURES. W Water. OS Organic Substance. A Ash. N Nitrogen. P Potash. S Soda. L Lime. M Ma
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Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of, 246 Bean-straw for Manure,
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d in Open Yard, 63 ” Stable, Management, 333 ” Straw and Chaff as,
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roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops, poultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc. 235 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $1.00 +Irrigation Farming+ By L
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, etc. |Acre by Manure.| | | P
--------------+----+----+----+----+---------------+ | | l
Dressed corn. | | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | | | | TP | | | t
Qty.[5] |Wt/Bu| OC | TC | S&C| TP | C | S&C | C&S| OCD |C100| s
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.| lbs| lbs.|lbs.| | |
32 0 |56.5 |159 |1967|3977|5944| 526| 1265|1791|10.9 |49.5| 0
26 1¼ |54.8 |248 |1689|3699|5388| 248| 987|1235|17.3 |45.7| 1
32 0 |56.8 |151 |1967|3915|5882| 526| 1203|1729| 8.9 |50.2| 2
23 0¾ |56.5 |131 |1441|2712|4153| .. | .. | .. | 8.7 |53.1| 3
29 2½ |58.0 |161 |1879|3663|5542| 438| 951|1389| 9.4 |51.3| 4
22 2¼ |57.5 |134 |1431|2684|4115| -10| -28| -38|10.1 |53.3|1}5
26 3¾ |57.3 |190 |1732|3599|5331| 291| 887|1178|14.2 |48.1|2}
28 2¾ |57.8 |214 |1871|3644|5515| 430| 932|1362|14.1 |57.3| 6
26 2¾ |57.0 |161 |1682|3243|4925| 241| 531| 772|11.3 |51.9| 7
27 0½ |56.3 |164 |1716|3663|5379| 275| 951|1226|14.0 |46.9| 8
33 1½ |58.3 |187 |2131|4058|6189| 690| 1346|2036|10.2 |52.5| 9
31 3¼ |56.3 |191 |1980|4266|6216| 539| 1554|2093|12.3 |46.4| 10
30 3 |56.0 |158 |1880|4101|5981| 439| 1392|1831|11.3 |45.8| 11
28 2¼ |55.8 |264 |1842|4134|5976| 401| 1422|1823|17.8 |44.5| 12
25 0 |56.3 |152 |1558|3355|4913| 117| 643| 760|12.0 |46.4| 13
27 1 |57.5 |176 |1743|3696|5439| 302| 981|1286|16.2 |47.1| 14
32 3¾ |57.3 |209 |2103|4044|6147| 662| 1332|1994|11.8 |52.0| 15
32 2¼ |56.3 |182 |2028|4191|6219| 587| 1479|2066|11.1 |48.4| 16
32 0¾ |55.8 |299 |2093|3826|5919| 652| 1114|1766|15.2 |54.7| 17
33 1¼ |56.5 |180 |2948|3819|3867| 607| 1107|1714|11.2 |53.6| 18
34 3 |57.0 |133 |2114|4215|6329| 673| 1503|2176| 9.1 |50.2| 19
24 2¾ |56.0 |113 |1495|3104|4599| 54| 392| 446| 9.7 |48.2| 20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----
[Note 1: The silicate of potass was manufactured at a glass-house,
by fusing equal parts of pearl-ash and sand. The product was a
transparent glass, slightly deliquescent in the air; it was ground
to powder under edge-stones.]
[Note 2: The manures termed superphosphate of lime and phosphate
of potass, were made by acting upon bone-ash by means of sulphuric
acid, and in the case of the potass salt neutralizing the compound
thus obtained, by means of pearl-ash. For the superphosphate of lime,
the proportions were, 5 parts bone-ash, 3 parts water, and 3 parts
sulphuric acid of sp. gr. 1.84; and for the phosphate of potass,
4 parts bone ash, water as needed, 3 parts sulphuric acid of sp. gr.
1.84; and an equivalent amount of pearl-ash. The mixtures, of course,
lost weight considerably by the evolution of water and carbonic acid.]
[Note 3: The medicinal carbonate of ammonia; it was dissolved in
water and top-dressed.]
[Note 4: Plot 5, was 2 lands wide (in after years, respectively,
5_a_ and 5_b_); 5.1 consisting of 2 alternate one-fourth lengths
across both lands, and 5.2 of the 2 remaining one-fourth lengths.]
[Note 5: Top-dressed at once.]
[Note 6: Top-dressed at 4 intervals.]
[Note 7: Peruvian.]
[Note 8: Ichaboe.]
The season of 1845 was more favorable for wheat, than that of 1844, and
the crops on all the plots were better. On plot No. 3, which had no
manure last year, or this, the yield is 23 bushels per acre, against 15
bushels last year.
Last year, the 14 tons of barn-yard manure gave an _increase_ of only 5¼
bushels per acre. This year it gives an increase of nearly 9 bushels per
acre.
“Do you mean,” said the Deacon, “that this plot, No. 2, had 14 tons of
manure in 1844, and 14 tons of manure again in 1845?”
“Precisely that, Deacon,” said I, “and this same plot has received this
amount of manure every year since, up to the present time--for these
same experiments are still continued from year to year at Rothamsted.”
“It is poor farming,” said the Deacon, “and I should think the land
would get too rich to grow wheat.”
“It is not so,” said I, “and the fact is an interesting one, and teaches
a most important lesson, of which, more hereafter.”
Plot 5, last year, received 700 lbs. of superphosphate per acre. This
year, this plot was divided; one half was left without manure, and the
other dressed with 252 lbs. of pure carbonate of ammonia per acre. The
half without manure, (5a), did not produce quite as much grain and straw
as the plot which had received no manure for two years in succession.
But the wheat was of better quality, weighing 1 lb. more per bushel than
the other. Still it is sufficiently evident that superphosphate of lime
did no good so far as increasing the growth was concerned, either the
first year it was applied, or the year following.
The carbonate of ammonia was dissolved in water and sprinkled over the
growing wheat at three different times during the spring. You see this
manure, which contains no _mineral_ matter at all, gives an increase of
nearly 4 bushels of grain per acre, and an increase of 887 lbs. of
straw.
“Wait a moment,” said the Deacon, “is not 887 lbs. of straw to 4 bushels
of grain an unusually large proportion of straw to grain? I have heard
you say that 100 lbs. of straw to each bushel of wheat is about the
average. And according to this experiment, the carbonate of ammonia
produced over 200 lbs. of straw to a bushel of grain. How do you account
for this.”
“It is a general rule,” said I, “that the heavier the crop, the greater
is the proportion of straw to grain. On the no-manure plot, we have,
this year, 118 lbs. of straw to a bushel of dressed grain. Taking this
as the standard, you will find that the _increase_ from manures is
proportionally greater in straw than in grain. Thus in the increase of
barn-yard manure, this year, we have about 133 lbs. of straw to a bushel
of grain. I do not believe there is any manure that will give us a large
crop of grain without a still larger crop of straw. There is
considerable difference, in this respect, between different varieties of
wheat. Still, I like to see a good growth of straw.”
“It is curious,” said the Doctor, “that 3 cwt. of ammonia-salts alone on
plots 9 and 10 should produce as much wheat as was obtained from plot 2,
where 14 tons of barn-yard manure had been applied two years in
succession. I notice that on one plot, the ammonia-salts were applied at
once, in the spring, while on the other plot they were sown at four
different times--and that the former gave the best results.”
The only conclusion to be drawn from this, is, that it is desirable to
apply the manure _early_ in the spring--or better still, in the autumn.
“You are a great advocate of Peruvian guano,” said the Deacon, “and yet
3 cwt. of Peruvian guano on Plot 13, only produced an increase of two
bushels and 643 lbs. of straw per acre. The guano at $60 per ton, would
cost $9.00 per acre. This will not pay.”
This is an unusually small increase. The reason, probably, is to be
found in the fact that the manure and seed were not sown until March,
instead of in the autumn. The salts of ammonia are quite soluble and act
quickly; while the Peruvian guano has to decompose in the soil, and
consequently needs to be applied earlier, especially on clay land.
“I do not want you,” said the Deacon, “to dodge the question why an
application of 14 tons of farmyard-manure per acre, every year for over
thirty years, does not make the land too rich for wheat.”
“Possibly,” said I, “on light, sandy soil, such an annual dressing of
manure _would_ in the course of a few years make the land too rich for
wheat. But on a clayey soil, such is evidently not the case. And the
fact is a very important one. When we apply manure, our object should be
to make it as available as possible. Nature preserves or conserves the
food of plants. The object of agriculture is to use the food of plants
for our own advantage.”
“Please be a little more definite,” said the Deacon, “for I must confess
I do not quite see the significance of your remarks.”
“What he means,” said the Doctor, “is this: If you put a quantity of
soluble and available manure on land, and do not sow any crop, the
manure will not be wasted. The soil will retain it. It will change it
from a soluble into a comparatively insoluble form. Had a crop been sown
the first year, the manure would do far more good than it will the next
year, and yet it may be that none of the manure is lost. It is merely
locked up in the soil in such a form as will prevent it from running to
waste. If it was not for this principle, our lands would have been long
ago exhausted of all their available plant-food.”
“I think I understand,” said the Deacon; “but if what you say is true,
it upsets many of our old notions. We have thought it desirable to plow
under manure, in order to prevent the ammonia from escaping. You claim,
I believe, that there is little danger of any loss from spreading manure
on the surface, and I suppose you would have us conclude that we make a
mistake in plowing it under, as the soil renders it insoluble.”
“It depends a good deal,” said I, “on the character of the soil.
A light, sandy soil will not preserve manure like a clay soil. But it is
undoubtedly true that our aim in all cases should be to apply manure in
such a form and to such a crop as will give us the greatest _immediate_
benefit. Plowing under fresh manure every year for wheat is evidently
not the best way to get the greatest benefit from it. But this is not
the place to discuss this matter. Let us look at the result of Mr.
Lawes’ experiments on wheat the third year:”
Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year,
on the Same Land.
Table III.--Manures and Produce; 3rd Season, 1845-6. Manures and Seed
(Old Red Lammas), Sown Autumn, 1845.
Manures
FM Farmyard Manure.
A3W Ash from 3 loads (3,888 lbs.) Wheat-straw.
LWM Liebig’s Wheat-manure.
PG Peruvian Guano.
SPL Superphosphate of Lime.
SiP Silicate of Potass.[1]
P-A Pearl-ash.
S-A Soda-ash.
MLS Magnesian Lime-stone.
B-A Bone-ash.
SAc Sulphuric Acid (Sp. gr. 1-7.)
MAc Muriatic Acid.
SAm Sulphate of Ammonia.
MAm Muriate of Ammonia.
RC Rape-Cake.
-----+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Manures per Acre. |
P +-----+-----+---+---+-----------+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
l | | | | | | | | | | | | |
o | | | | | SPL | | | | | | | |
t | | | | +-----------+ | | | | | | |
s | FM | A3W |LWM|PG |SiP|P-A|S-A|MLS|B-A|SAc|MAc| SAm |MAm|RC |
-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
|Tons.|lbs. |lbs|lbs|bs.|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs|lbs. |lbs|lbs|
0 | .. | .. | ..|336| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
1 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
2 | 14 | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
3 |Unmanured. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
4 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
5a{1| ..}| |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
{2| ..}|Straw|{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224[1]| ..| ..|
5b{1| ..}| Ash |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
{2| ..}| |{..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224[1]| ..|448|
6a | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
6b | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 112 |112| ..|
7a | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
7b | .. | .. |448| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 112 |112|448|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
8a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
8b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..| ..| 112 |112| ..|
9a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..|448|
9b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 224 | ..|448|
10a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 224 | ..| ..|
10b |Unmanured. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
11a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
11b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
12a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..|180| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
12b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..|180| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
13a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..|200| ..| ..|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
13b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..|200| ..| ..|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
14a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
14b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| 84|224|224| ..| 112 |112| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
15a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..|448|
15b | .. | .. | ..| ..|224| ..| ..| ..|224| ..|224| 224 | ..|448|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
16a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..|448|
16b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 224 | ..|448|
17a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 112 | 11|448|
17b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 224 | ..| ..|
18a | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| 112 | 11| ..|
18b | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| 67| 60| 84|224|224| ..| .. | ..| ..|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
19 | .. | .. | ..| ..| ..| ..| ..| ..|112| ..|112| 112 | ..|448|
20 }| | | | | | | |
21 }| Mixture of the residue of | ..| ..| ..| .. | ..| ..|
22 }| most of the other manures. | | | | | | |
-----+-----+-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+------+---+---+
Produce:
Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel.
OC Offal Corn.
TC Total Corn.
S&C Straw and Chaff.
TP Total Produce (Corn and Straw).
C Corn.
TP Total Produce.
OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed.
C100 Corn to 100 Straw.
----------------------------------+------------------+-----+-----+----
| Increase per | | |
Produce per Acre, etc. | Acre by Manure. | | | P
--------------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+ | | l
Dressed Corn.| | | | | | | | | | o
--------+-----+ | | | | | | | | | t
Qty. |Wt/Bu| OC | TC |S&C | TP | C | S&C | TP | OCD |C100 | s
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----
Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs. | lbs. | | |
28 1¾ |62.3 |134 |1906|2561|4467| 699 |1048 | 1747 | 7.3 |74.4 | 0
22 0¾ |62.6 |120 |1509|1953|3462| 302 | 440 | 742 | 8.1 |77.3 | 1
27 0¾ |63.0 |113 |1826|2454|4280| 619 | 941 | 1560 | 6.6 |74.4 | 2
17 3¾ |63.8 | 64 |1207|1513|2720| .. | .. | .. | 7.4 |79.7 | 3
| | | | | | | | | | |
25 3¾ |63.5 |130 |1777|2390|4167| 570 | 877 | 1447 | 7.8 |74.3 | 4
| | | | | | | | | | |
19 0½ |63.7 | 87 |1305|1541|2846| 98 | 28 | 126 | .. |84.6 |1}5a
27 0 |63.0 |126 |1827|2309|4136| 620 | 796 | 1416 | .. |79.1 |2}
23 2½ |63.4 |100 |1598|1721|3319| 391 | 208 | 599 | .. |92.8 |1}5b
30 0¾ |63.3 |165 |2076|2901|4977| 869 |1388 | 2257 | .. |71.6 |2}
20 1½ |63.7 |102 |1400|1676|3076| 193 | 163 | 356 | 7.0 |83.6 | 6a
29 0¾ |63.5 |114 |1967|2571|4538| 760 |1058 | 1818 | 5.3 |76.5 | 6b
22 3¼ |63.0 | 97 |1534|1968|3502| 327 | 405 | 732 | 6.8 |77.9 | 7a
31 3 |63.4 |150 |2163|3007|5170| 956 |1494 | 2450 | 7.5 |72.6 | 7b
| | | | | | | | | | |
22 3¾ |63.5 |101 |1549|1963|3512| 342 | 450 | 792 | 7.1 |78.9 | 8a
29 0¾ |63.6 |132 |1988|2575|4563| 781 |1062 | 1843 | 7.2 |77.2 | 8b
23 2¾ |63.0 |122 |1614|2033|3647| 407 | 520 | 927 | 7.9 |79.4 | 9a
28 3½ |63.3 |114 |1942|2603|4545| 735 |1090 | 1825 | 7.0 |74.6 | 9b
27 1½ |63.6 |109 |1850|2244|4094 643 | 731 | 1374 | 6.4 |82.4 | 10a
17 2½ |63.8 | 92 |1216|1455|2671| 9 | -58 | -49 | 7.8 |83.6 | 10b
| | | | | | | | | | |
23 1¾ |63.3 |145 |1628|2133|3761| 421 | 620 | 1041 | 9.8 |76.3 | 11a
30 0¼ |63.2 |155 |2055|2715|4770| 848 |1202 | 2050 | 6.1 |75.7 | 11b
24 1½ |63.0 |125 |1661|2163|3824| 454 | 650 | 1104 | 7.9 |76.8 | 12a
28 2¾ |63.4 |136 |1955|2554|4509| 748 |1041 | 1789 | 7.4 |76.5 | 12b
24 0 |63.5 |136 |1660|2327|3987| 453 | 814 | 1267 | 9.1 |71.3 | 13a
29 1¾ |63.2 |138 |1998|2755|4753| 791 |1242 | 2033 | 7.3 |72.5 | 13b
23 2½ |63.0 |117 |1605|2031|3636| 398 | 518 | 916 | 7.7 |79.0 | 14a
26 2½ |63.4 |124 |1812|2534|4356| 605 |1021 | 1626 | 7.4 |71.5 | 14b
| | | | | | | | | | |
31 1¾ |62.5 |147 |2112|2936|5048| 905 |1423 | 2328 | 7.5 |71.9 | 15a
27 2¾ |63.0 |117 |1861|2513|4374| 654 |1000 | 1654 | 5.9 |74.0 | 15b
| | | | | | | | | | |
23 3 |62.5 |108 |1592|2967|3659| 385 | 554 | 939 | 7.0 |77.0 | 16a
30 1 |62.7 |122 |2019|2836|4855| 812 |1323 | 2135 | 6.6 |71.2 | 16b
33 2¾ |62.8 |129 |2241|3278|5519|1034 |1765 | 2799 | 5.8 |68.3 | 17a
30 2 |63.0 |113 |2034|2784|4818| 827 |1271 | 2098 | 5.9 |73.0 | 17b
31 0 |62.8 |103 |2048|2838|4886| 841 |1325 | 2166 | 5.1 |72.2 | 18a
21 1 |62.0 |157 |1474|1893|3367| 267 | 380 | 647 | 6.6 |77.1 | 18b
| | | | | | | | | | |
28 3 |62.0 |107 |1889|2425|4314| 682 | 912 | 1594 | 5.8 |77.9 | 19
| | | | | | | | | | |{20
.. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |{21
| | | | | | | | | | |{22
--------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----
[Note 1: Top-dressed in the Spring.]
This year, the seed and manures were sown in the autumn. And I want the
Deacon to look at plot 0. 3 cwt. of Peruvian guano here gives an
increase of 10½ bushels of wheat, and 1,948 lbs. of straw per acre. This
will pay _well_, even on the wheat alone. But in addition to this, we
may expect, in our ordinary rotation of crops, a far better crop of
clover where the guano was used.
In regard to some of the results this year, Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert
have the following concise and interesting remarks:
“At this third experimental harvest, we have on the continuously
unmanured plot, namely, No. 3, not quite 18 bushels of dressed corn, as
the normal produce of the season; and by its side we have on plot
10_b_--comprising one-half of the plot 10 of the previous years, and so
highly manured by ammoniacal salts in 1845, but now unmanured--rather
more than 17½ bushels. The near approach, again, to identity of result
from the two unmanured plots, at once gives confidence in the accuracy
SOURCES & PROVENANCE
1 listed
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PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK
Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject
primary
Full text in the local archive
Bibliographic record from the archive catalogue.