TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT
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* * * * * TALKS ON MANURES. A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Oth
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us, and this fact explains and confirms the common idea that shade is manure. The great object of agriculture is to convert the nitrogen of our soils, or of green crops plowed under,
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buy such food as will furnish the most nutriment and make the richest manure at the least cost--taking both of these objects into consideration. He will also buy more or less artifici
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manure one. Is this “high farming?” I think in my circumstances it is good farming, but it is not high farming. I
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or is defective, inasmuch as it makes no distinction between soil and manure. Both contain plant-food.” “What is your definition of manure?” asked Charley; “it would seem as though w
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manure, will almost invariably give us a greatly increased yield of grain crops. I should expect, on my farm, tha
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grass. And as all this produce was consumed on the farm, we made more manure than if we had plowed less land.” I have great faith in the benefits of thorough tillage--or, in other wo
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for manure alone, found it still more profitable to use it first for food, and then for manure afterwards. Mr. Lawes,
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depreciation of the value of the manure. In the foregoing analyses he will find the direct proof that as long as heavy showers of rain are exclude
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The above analyses are of value to those who buy fresh and fermented manure. They can form some idea of what they are getting. If they buy a ton of fresh manure in November, they get
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ectual means of preventing loss in fertilizing matters is to cart the manure directly on the field whenever circumstances allow this to be done. “7. On all soils with a moderate prop
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manure is handled but once. It is made in the yard and sheds, and lies there until it is drawn to the field in th
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corn-stalks and straw, and what they do not eat is thrown out of the mangers and racks, and used for bedding. I should state, too, that I keep a good many pigs, seldom having less t
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se and cart we drew to this heap, just as winter set in, every bit of manure that could be found on the premises, and everything that would make manure. When got all together, it made
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gument,” said the Deacon, “against your plan of piling and fermenting manure.” “Not at all,” I replied; “it is a strong reason for not letting manure lie under the eaves of an unspou
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oductive meadow or pasture for years to come--or until our young dairyman could afford to give it one of Harris Lewis’ “homœopathic” doses of 40 loads of good manure per acre. He woul
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In regard to the application of manure on a dairy-farm, we have seen what Harris Lewis does with his. I also wrote to T. L. Harison, Esq., of St.
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ed nothing but straw to stock is poor economy; and to rot it down for manure is no better. Straw itself is not worth $3.00 a ton for manure; and as one ton of straw, spread in an open
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or soiling, or make it into hay, feed it out to stock, and return the manure to the land. If clover got its nitrogen from the atmosphere, we might sell the clover, and depend on the r
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well known, is specially benefited by the application of nitrogenous manures, and as clover carries off so large a quantity of nitrogen, it is natural to expect the yield of wheat, a
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however, by no means proves its sufficiency for the production of so many crops of wheat; for, in the first place, it can not be shown that the whole of the phosphoric acid found by
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und in the clover-roots from the part of the field twice mown. In the manure, in which the decay of such and similar organic remains proceeds, much of the non-nitrogenous, or carbonac
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ch, by good cultivation, and the liberal use of animal and artificial manures, they may expect a good crop of wheat from the roots of the clover. But they take good care to feed out t
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wheat, or we must make more and richer manure, or we must plow in more clover. The rotation, which many of us now adopt--corn, barley, wheat--is profita
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crease per | | | Produce per Acre, etc. |Acre by Manure.| | | P --------------+----+----+----+----+---------------+ | | l Dressed corn. | |
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reduced the plots, previously so differently circumstanced both as to manure and produce, to something like an uniform standard as regards their grain-producing qualities. “Plot 2 ha
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.. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500 | 20 | Unmanured.| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21}| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
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with the difference in the crop; 8_a_ was left this year without any manure, and though it had received a liberal supply of mineral manures the year before, and minerals and ammonia-
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+----+----+------+-----+------+----+----+--- The plot continuously unmanured, gives about 16 bushels of wheat per acre. The plot with barn-yard manure, nearly 30 bushels per acre.
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per Acre, || | Produce per Acre, | etc. (For the Manures || | etc. (For the Manures P | see pp. 202 and 203.) || P | see pp. 202 and 203.)
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until the 16th of March 1853. You will see that the produce on the unmanured plot was less than 6 bushels per acre. With barn-yard manure, 19 bushels, and with a heavy dressing of am
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om the air_. This is an important fact. Lime may act beneficially on many or most soils by converting the soda silicate into a lime silicate, or, in other words, converting a salt th
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ined 62 lbs. of nitrogen. How much nitrogen does 10 tons of barn-yard manure contain?” “That depends a good deal on what food the animals eat. Ten tons of average fresh manure would
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| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 6{1 | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | .. {2* | .. |<..> | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. 7 | 14 | .. | .
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on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos Field, Rothamsted, England. Table V.--Straw (and cha
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a good crop. The unmanured plot, it will be seen, yielded over 35 bushels per acre of dressed grain, weighing over 53½ lbs. per bush
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heat, or barley after barley, we do not get half the benefit from the manure which it is theoretically capable of producing. Now, the question is, whether by a judicious rotation of
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eed out this amount of bran and cake, and you would have 800 loads of manure, worth _on the land_ $2,226.96, or, estimating as before that it cost 30 cents a load to handle it, its ne
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of land will grow 25 bushels of corn every year, we should aim to so manage it, that it will grow 50 every other year, or 75 every third year, or, if the _climate_ is capable of doin
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and when _potash_ is added to the manure, the yield is still further increased.” “Answer me one question,” said the Deacon, “and let us leave the
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“We may conclude, therefore, that on this soil, which has never been manured, and which has been cultivated for many years with the _Ceralia_--or, in other words, with crops which re
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common salt, alone, or with other manures, had comparatively little effect. Practically, when we want to grow a good crop of beets or mangels, the
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richer the manure is in nitrogenous matter, and the more thoroughly this is distributed through the manure, the more readily
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-------------+-------+--------- No.| Kind And Condition Of Manures. | Wt/Bu | Wt/Load ---+--------------------------------------------+-------+--------- |
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“if it could be purchased at the same price, it would be the cheaper manure. It contains 46½ per cent of potash, and on soils, or for crops where potash is needed, we may sometimes b
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n fact a patent was taken out by the Musgraves, of Liverpool, for the manufacture of Liebig’s Special Manures, based on this theory. But the manures, though extensively used by the le
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d 20 or 25 years ago. It may be, that the guano is still the cheapest manure in the market, but at any rate the price is higher than formerly--while there has been no corresponding ad
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proportion, considerably lower than that grown on the continuously unmanured land. These results, if they are to be accepted as correct, must bring about a very considerable change
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an invaluable acquisition to the agricultural literature of the day. Manure in this city is usually sold by the two-horse load--about 1½ tons--at the rate of $1 per load, or 66 cents
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----+------++-----+----+-----++ m t |Food|100 I| Man.|Resp. || Inc.|Man.|Resp.|| t d. ---------------------+----+-----+-----+------++-----+----+-----++-----
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--+----+----+----+----+----+----- B.--AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS MANURES. W Water. OS Organic Substance. A Ash. N Nitrogen. P Potash. S Soda. L Lime. M Ma
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Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of, 246 Bean-straw for Manure,
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d in Open Yard, 63 ” Stable, Management, 333 ” Straw and Chaff as,
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roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops, poultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc. 235 pages. 5 × 7 inches. Cloth. $1.00 +Irrigation Farming+ By L
depreciation of the value of the manure. In the foregoing analyses he
will find the direct proof that as long as heavy showers of rain are
excluded from manure-heaps, or the manure is kept in water-proof pits,
the most valuable fertilizing matters are preserved.”
This experiment of Dr. Vœlcker proves conclusively that manure can be
kept in a rapid state of fermentation for six months during winter, with
little loss of nitrogen or other fertilizing matter.
During fermentation a portion of the insoluble matter of the dung
becomes soluble, and if the manure is then kept in a heap exposed to
rain, there is a great loss of fertilizing matter. This is precisely
what we should expect. We ferment manure to make it more readily
available as plant-food, and when we have attained our object, the
manure should be applied to the land. We keep winter apples in the
cellar until they get ripe. As soon as they are ripe, they should be
eaten, or they will rapidly decay. This is well understood. And it
should be equally well known that manure, after it has been fermenting
in a heap for six months, cannot safely be kept for another six months
exposed to the weather.
The following table shows the composition of 100 lbs. of the farm-yard
manure, at different periods of the year:
Composition of 100 Lbs. of Fresh Farm-Yard Manure (No. I.) Exposed in
Natural State, at Different Periods of the Year.
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|When put|Feb. 14,|Apr. 30,|Aug. 23,|Nov. 15,
|up, Nov.|1855. |1855. |1855. |1855.
|3, 1854.| | | |
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Water | 66.17 | 69.83 | 65.95 | 75.49 | 74.29
Soluble organic matter | 2.48 | 3.86 | 4.27 | 2.95 | 2.74
Soluble inorganic matter | 1.54 | 2.97 | 2.86 | 1.97 | 1.87
Insoluble organic matter | 25.76 | 18.44 | 19.23 | 12.20 | 10.89
Insoluble mineral matter | 4.05 | 4.90 | 7.69 | 7.39 | 10.21
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
| 100.00 |100.00 |100.00 |100.00 |100.00
Containing nitrogen | .149| .27 | .30 | .19 | .18
Equal to ammonia | .181| .32 | .36 | .23 | .21
Containing nitrogen | .494| .47 | .59 | .47 | .47
Equal to ammonia | .599| .57 | .71 | .62 | .57
Total amount of nitrogen | .643| .74 | .89 | .66 | .65
Equal to ammonia | .780| .89 | 1.07 | .85 | .78
Ammonia in a free state | .034| .049 | .008 | .010 | .006
Ammonia in form of salts | | | | |
easily decomposed | | | | |
by quicklime | .088| .064 | .085 | .038 | .041
Total amt. of organic | 28.24 | 22.30 | 23.50 | 15.15 | 13.63
matter | | | | |
Total amt. of mineral | 5.59 | 7.87 | 10.55 | 9.36 | 12.08
substances | | | | |
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
It will be seen that two-thirds of the fresh manure is water. After
fermenting in an exposed heap for six months, it still contains about
the same _percentage_ of water. When kept in the heap until August, the
percentage of water is much greater. Of four tons of such manure, three
tons are water.
Of _Nitrogen_, the most valuable ingredient of the manure, the fresh
dung, contained 0.64 per cent; after fermenting six months, it contained
0.89 per cent. Six months later, it contained 0.65 per cent, or about
the same amount as the fresh manure.
Of mineral matter, or ash, this fresh farm-yard manure contained 5.59
per cent; of which 1.54 was soluble in water, and 4.05 insoluble. After
fermenting in the heap for six months, the manure contained 10.55 per
cent of ash, of which 2.86 was soluble, and 7.69 insoluble. Six months
later, the soluble ash had decreased to 1.97 per cent.
The following table shows the composition of the manure, at different
periods, in the _dry state_. In other words, supposing all the water to
be removed from the manure, its composition would be as follows:
Composition of Fresh Farm-Yard Manure (No. I.) Exposed.
Calculated Dry.
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|When put|Feb. 14,|Apr. 30,|Aug. 23,|Nov. 15,
|up, Nov.|1855. |1855. |1855. |1855.
|3, 1854.| | | |
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Soluble organic matter | 7.33 | 12.79 | 12.54 | 12.04 | 10.65
Soluble inorganic matter | 4.55 | 9.84 | 8.39 | 8.03 | 7.27
Insoluble organic matter | 76.15 | 61.12 | 56.49 | 49.77 | 42.35
Insoluble mineral matter | 11.97 | 16.25 | 22.58 | 30.16 | 39.73
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
| 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00
| | | | |
Containing nitrogen | .44 | .91 | .88 | .77 | .72
Equal to ammonia | .53 | 1.10 | 1.06 | .93 | .88
Containing nitrogen | 1.46 | 1.55 | 1.75 | 1.92 | 1.85
Equal to ammonia | 1.77 | 1.88 | 2.12 | 2.33 | 2.24
Total amount of nitrogen | 1.90 | 2.46 | 2.63 | 2.69 | 2.57
Equal to ammonia | 2.30 | 2.98 | 3.18 | 3.26 | 3.12
Ammonia in free state | .10 | .062| .023| .041| .023
Ammonia in form of salts | | | | |
easily decomposed by | | | | |
quicklime | .26 | .212| .249| .154| .159
Total amount of organic | | | | |
matter | 83.48 | 73.91 | 69.03 | 61.81 | 53.00
Total amount of mineral | | | | |
substances | 16.52 | 26.09 | 30.97 | 38.19 | 47.00
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
“A comparison of these different analyses,” says Dr. Vœlcker, “points
out clearly the changes which fresh farm-yard manure undergoes on
keeping in a heap, exposed to the influence of the weather during a
period of twelve months and twelve days.
“1. It will be perceived that the proportion of organic matter steadily
diminishes from month to month, until the original percentage of organic
matter in the dry manure, amounting to 83.48 per cent, becomes reduced
to 53 per cent.
“2. On the other hand, the total percentage of mineral matter rises as
steadily as that of the organic matter falls.
“3. It will be seen that the loss in organic matter affects the
percentage of insoluble organic matters more than the percentage of
soluble organic substances.
“4. The percentage of soluble organic matters, indeed, increased
considerably during the first experimental period; it rose, namely, from
7.33 per cent to 12.79 per cent. Examined again on the 30th of April,
very nearly the same percentage of soluble organic matter, as on
February the 14th, was found. The August analysis shows but a slight
decrease in the percentage of soluble organic matters, while there is a
decrease of 2 per cent of soluble organic matters when the November
analysis is compared with the February analysis.
“5. The soluble mineral matters in this manure rise or fall in the
different experimental periods in the same order as the soluble organic
matters. Thus, in February, 9.84 per cent of soluble mineral matters
were found, whilst the manure contained only 4.55 per cent, when put up
into a heap in November, 1854. Gradually, however, the proportion of
soluble mineral matters again diminished, and became reduced to 7.27 per
cent, on the examination of the manure in November, 1855.
“6. A similar regularity will be observed in the percentage of nitrogen
contained in the soluble organic matters.
“7. In the insoluble organic matters, the percentage of nitrogen
regularly increased from November, 1854, up to the 23d of August,
notwithstanding the rapid diminution of the percentage of insoluble
organic matter. For the last experimental period, the percentage of
nitrogen in the insoluble matter is nearly the same as on August 23d.
“8. With respect to the total percentage of nitrogen in the fresh
manure, examined at different periods of the year, it will be seen that
the February manure contains about one-half per cent more of nitrogen
than the manure in a perfectly fresh state. On the 30th of April, the
percentage of nitrogen again slightly increased; on August 23d, it
remained stationary, and had sunk but very little when last examined on
the 15th of November, 1855.
“This series of analyses thus shows that fresh farm-yard manure rapidly
becomes more soluble in water, but that this desirable change is
realized at the expense of a large proportion of organic matters. It
likewise proves, in an unmistakable manner, that there is no advantage
in keeping farm-yard manure for too long a period; for, after February,
neither the percentage of soluble organic, nor that of soluble mineral
matter, has become greater, and the percentage of nitrogen in the manure
of April and August is only a very little higher than in February.”
“Before you go any further,” said the Deacon, “answer me this question:
Suppose I take five tons of farm-yard manure, and put it in a heap on
the 3d of November, tell me, 1st, what that heap will contain when first
made; 2d, what the heap will contain April 30th; and, 3d, what the heap
will contain August 23d.”
Here is the table:
Contents of a Heap of Manure at Different Periods, Exposed to
Rain, etc.
-------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
|When |Apr. 30. |Aug. 23. |Nov. 15.
|put up, | | |
|Nov. 3. | | |
-------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
Total weight of manure in heap |10,000 | 7,138 | 7,025 | 6,954
Water in the heap of manure | 6,617 | 4,707 | 5,304 | 5,167
Total organic matter | 2,824 | 1,678 | 1,034 | 947
Total inorganic matter | 559 | 753 | 657 | 840
Total nitrogen in heap | 64.3 | 63.9 | 46.3 | 46.0
Total soluble organic matter | 248 | 305 | 207 | 190
Total insoluble organic matter | 2,576 | 1,373 | 857 | 757
Soluble mineral matter | 154 | 204 | 138 | 130
Insoluble mineral matter | 405 | 549 | 519 | 710
Nitrogen in soluble matter | 14.9 | 21.4 | 13.2 | 12.9
Nitrogen in insoluble matter | 49.4 | 42.5 | 33.1 | 33.1
-------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+--------
The Deacon put on his spectacles and studied the above table carefully
for some time. “That tells the whole story,” said he, “you put five tons
of fresh manure in a heap, it ferments and gets warm, and nearly one ton
of water is driven off by the heat.”
“Yes,” said the Doctor, “you see that over half a ton (1,146 lbs.) of
dry organic matter has been slowly burnt up in the heap; giving out as
much heat as half a ton of coal burnt in a stove. But this is not all.
The manure is cooked, and steamed, and softened by the process. The
organic matter burnt up is of no value. There is little or no loss of
nitrogen. The heap contained 64.3 lbs. of nitrogen when put up, and 63.9
lbs. after fermenting six months. And it is evident that the manure is
in a much more active and available condition than if it had been
applied to the land in the fresh state. There was 14.9 lbs. of nitrogen
in a soluble condition in the fresh manure, and 21.4 lbs. in the
fermented manure. And what is equally important, you will notice that
there is 154 lbs. of soluble ash in the heap of fresh manure, and 204
lbs. in the heap of fermented manure. In other words, 50 lbs. of the
insoluble mineral matter had, by the fermentation of the manure, been
rendered soluble, and consequently immediately available as plant-food.
This is a very important fact.”
The Doctor is right. There is clearly a great advantage in fermenting
manure, provided it is done in such a manner as to prevent loss. We have
not only less manure to draw out and spread, but the plant-food which it
contains, is more soluble and active.
The table we have given shows that there is little or no loss of
valuable constituents, even when manure is fermented in the open air and
exposed to ordinary rain and snows during an English winter. But it also
shows that when the manure has been fermented for six months, and is
then turned and left exposed to the rain of spring and summer, the loss
is very considerable.
The five tons (10,000 lbs.,) of fresh manure placed in a heap on the 3d
of November, are reduced to 7,138 lbs. by the 30th of April. Of this
4,707 lbs. is water. By the 23d of August, the heap is reduced to 7,025
lbs., of which 5,304 lbs. is water. There is nearly 600 lbs. more water
in the heap in August than in April.
Of total nitrogen in the heap, there is 64.3 lbs. in the fresh manure,
63.9 lbs. in April, and only 46.3 lbs. in August. This is a great loss,
and there is no compensating gain.
We have seen that, when five tons of manure is fermented for six months,
in winter, the nitrogen in the soluble organic matter is increased from
14.9 lbs. to 21.4 lbs. This is a decided advantage. But when the manure
is kept for another six months, this soluble nitrogen is decreased from
21.4 lbs. to 13.2 lbs. We lose over 8 lbs. of the most active and
available nitrogen.
And the same remarks will apply to the valuable soluble mineral matter.
In the five tons of fresh manure there is 154 lbs. of soluble mineral
matter. By fermenting the heap six months, we get 204 lbs., but by
keeping the manure six months longer, the soluble mineral matter is
reduced to 138 lbs. We lose 66 lbs. of valuable soluble mineral matter.
By fermenting manure for six months in winter, we greatly improve its
condition; by keeping it six months longer, we lose largely of the very
best and most active parts of the manure.
CHAPTER XV.
KEEPING MANURE UNDER COVER.
Dr. Vœlcker, at the same time he made the experiments alluded to in the
preceding chapter, placed another heap of manure _under cover_, in a
shed. It was the same kind of manure, and was treated precisely as the
other--the only difference being that one heap was exposed to the rain,
and the other not. The following table gives the results of the
weighings of the heap at different times, and also the percentage of
loss:
Manure Fermented Under Cover in Shed.
Table Showing the Actual Weighings, and Percentage of Loss in Weight,
of Experimental Heap (No. II.) Fresh Farm-Yard Manure Under Shed,
at Different Periods of the Year.
|Weight |Loss in |Percentage
| of |original| of Loss.
|Manure |weight |
|in Lbs. |in Lbs. |
------------------------------------+--------+--------+----------
Put up on the 3d of November, 1854 | 3,258 | |
Weighed on the 30th of April, 1855, | | |
or after a lapse of 6 months | 1,613 | 1,645 | 50.4
Weighed on the 23d of August, | | |
1855, or after a lapse of | | |
9 months and 20 days | 1,297 | 1,961 | 60.0
Weighed on the 15th of November, | | |
1855, or after a lapse of | | |
12 months and 12 days | 1,235 | 2,023 | 62.1
------------------------------------+--------+--------+----------
It will be seen that 100 tons of manure, kept in a heap under cover for
six months, would be reduced to 49.6-10 tons. Whereas, when the same
manure was fermented for the same length of time in the open air, the
100 tons was reduced to only 71.4-10 tons. The difference is due
principally to the fact that the heap exposed contained more water,
derived from rain and snow, than the heap kept under cover. This, of
course, is what we should expect. Let us look at the results of Dr.
Vœlcker’s analyses:
Table Showing the Composition of Experimental Heap (No. II.) Fresh
Farmyard Manure Under Shed, in Natural State at Different Periods
of the Year.
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|When put|Feb. 14,|Apr. 30,|Aug. 23,|Nov. 15,
|up, Nov.|1855. |1855. |1855. |1855.
|3, 1854.| | | |
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Water | 66.17 | 67.32 | 56.89 | 43.43 | 41.66
* Soluble organic matter | 2.48 | 2.63 | 4.63 | 4.13 | 5.37
Soluble inorganic matter | 1.54 | 2.12 | 3.38 | 3.05 | 4.43
† Insoluble organic | | | | |
matter | 25.76 | 20.46 | 25.43 | 26.01 | 27.69
Insoluble mineral matter | 4.05 | 7.47 | 9.67 | 23.38 | 20.85
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|100.00 |100.00 |100.00 |100.00 |100.00
| | | | |
* Containing nitrogen | .149 | .17 | .27 | .26 | .42
Equal to ammonia | .181 | .20 | .32 | .31 | .51
† Containing nitrogen | .494 | .58 | .92 | 1.01 | 1.09
Equal to ammonia | .599 | .70 | 1.11 | 1.23 | 1.31
Total amount of nitrogen | .643 | .75 | 1.19 | 1.27 | 1.51
Equal to ammonia | .780 | .90 | 1.43 | 1.54 | 1.82
Ammonia in free state | .034 | .022 | .055 | .015 | .019
Ammonia in form of salts | | | | |
easily decomposed | | | | |
by quicklime | .088 | .054 | .101 | .103 | .146
Total amount of organic | | | | |
matter | 28.24 | 23.09 | 30.06 | 30.14 | 33.06
Total amount of mineral | | | | |
substance | 5.59 | 9.59 | 13.05 | 26.43 | 25.28
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
Table Showing the Composition of Experimental Heap (No. II.) Fresh
Farmyard Manure Under Shed, Calculated Dry, at Different Periods
of the Year.
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|When put|Feb. 14,|Apr. 30,|Aug. 23,|Nov. 15,
|up, Nov.|1855. |1855. |1855. |1855.
|3, 1854.| | | |
-------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
* Soluble organic matter | 7.33 | 8.04 | 10.74 | 7.30 | 9.20
Soluble inorganic matter | 4.55 | 6.48 | 7.84 | 5.39 | 7.59
† Insoluble organic | | | | |
matter | 76.15 | 62.60 | 58.99 | 45.97 | 47.46
Insoluble mineral matter | 11.97 | 22.88 | 22.43 | 41.34 | 35.75
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
|100.00 |100.00 |100.00 |100.00 |100.00
| | | | |
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Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject
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