TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT TEXT

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Page 2 4 matches growth of root brings the plant in contact with a larger feeding surface, and enables it to take up more nitric acid from its solution in the soil. Such is also the case during the w Page 3 2 matches aith in good plowing, early sowing, and thorough cultivation. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. The Printers have got our “Talks on Manures” in type; and the publishers want a Preface. Page 4 3 matches n as many months. Time is required for the chemical changes to take place in the soil. But watch the effect on the clover for the next two years, and when the land is plowed again, se Page 6 1 match is tillage.” CHAPTER VIII. SUMMER-FALLOWING. This is not the place to discuss the merits, or demerits, of fallowing. But an intelligent Ohio farmer writes me: --“I see that you Page 7 7 matches eat will be produced by the slow combustion of a portion of the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter, and the result will be a mass of material, which we should all recognize as “manur Page 8 5 matches ny value in the table. For instance, there is a large amount of carbonaceous matter in the manure of animals, which, for some crops, is not without value, but which is not here taken Page 9 2 matches s very considerable. The five tons (10,000 lbs.,) of fresh manure placed in a heap on the 3d of November, are reduced to 7,138 lbs. by the 30th of April. Of this 4,707 lbs. is water Page 10 1 match y manure deteriorates by being exposed to rain, spread out on the surface of the yard. The table merits careful study.” Table Showing Composition of Experimental Heap (No. III.). F Page 11 9 matches plow in the manure at once, or to let it lie for some time on the surface, and to give the rain full opportunity to wash it into the soil. “It appears to me a matter of the greatest Page 12 2 matches that he gets far more benefit from the manure when applied on the surface, and left exposed for several months, than if he plowed it under at once. I like to write and talk about Jo Page 13 14 matches ht the farm thirteen years ago; and much of this increase has taken place during the last five or six years, and I expect to see still greater improvement year by year. “Never mind a Page 14 3 matches e. 2d. When manure is allowed to lie scattered about over a large surface, it is liable to have much of its value washed out by the rain. In a compact heap of this kind, the rain or s Page 15 6 matches ceive from ten to twenty times as much water as would fall on the surface of the heap.” “But you do recommend piling manure and fermenting it in the open air and keeping the top flat Page 16 3 matches implements 65.00 Average repairs of place and buildings 175.00 Average depreciation and interest on stock 180.00 In Page 19 4 matches practice. We must either plow under the clover, let it rot on the surface, or pasture it, or use it for soiling, or make it into hay, feed it out to stock, and return the manure to th Page 20 5 matches to these crops, either by strengthening the straw, or stems of graminaceous plants, or otherwise benefiting them; but, after deducting the amount of silica from the total amount of m Page 21 7 matches ction, a six-inch slice cut down at a depth of 12 inches from the surface, no distinct fibres could be found. The soil was almost completely saturated with rain when it was dug up on Page 22 8 matches hed, when very nearly dry: Lbs. Surface, six inches 2,407,900 Next ” 2,444,200 Third ” 2,480,500 “ Page 23 1 match nalyses of the soil show that in the first eighteen inches of the surface-soil, there was 6,550 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, on one part of the field, and 10,300 lbs. on the other part. Page 24 3 matches about 5 per cent of nitrogen, and is also rich in minerals and _carbonaceous matter_. It gives an increase, but not as large in proportion to the nitrogen furnished, as the sulphate o Page 25 2 matches t there is little danger of any loss from spreading manure on the surface, and I suppose you would have us conclude that we make a mistake in plowing it under, as the soil renders it Page 26 5 matches nd it to his advantage to use it largely as a top-dressing on the surface. Exposing manure to the atmosphere, spread out on the land for several months, and harrowing it occasionally, Page 27 1 match and important results. I was there at the time. But this is not the place to discuss the question. I am often amused, however, at the remarks we often hear in regard to the inferior q Page 31 1 match njured by stagnant water _in the soil_, and standing water on the surface. I think we may safely say that one-third the wheat-crop of this county (Monroe Co., N.Y.), is lost for want Page 32 9 matches potash, etc., was mixed with it, the ammonia, or potash, taking the place of the lime or soda. Prof. Way’s discovery, then, is not that soils have “absorptive properties”--that has b Page 33 1 match siderable extent. I have several times sown barley as soon as the surface-soil was thawed out five or six inches deep, but with a bed of solid frozen earth beneath. 3d. Two-rowed bar Page 36 1 match was applied in the spring. If the manure had been applied on the surface, instead of plowing it under, I believe the effect would have been still more in favor of the autumn-manuring Page 38 2 matches h a little soil, and then the superphosphate or sulphate of ammonia placed on the top and covered with soil before the seed was planted. Notwithstanding this precaution, the rain wash Page 39 8 matches ill not interfere with the drill. And the manure will be near the surface, where the young roots of the wheat can get hold of it. “You must recollect,” said the Doctor, “that the roo Page 40 7 matches case; and yet there seem to be some facts that would incline us to place Indian corn with the leguminous plants, such as clover, peas, and beans, rather than with the cereals, wheat, Page 41 4 matches to good food the refuse plant-food left in the soil. It is to the surface soil, what clover is to the subsoil. To the market gardener, or to a farmer who manures heavily common turnip Page 42 1 match e trouble is in the quality of the manure. It contains too much carbonaceous matter. In other words, it is so poor in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, that an excessive quantity has to b Page 43 4 matches each load of this rotted manure costs at least $5.00. H. E. Hooker places the cost of manure equally high, but seems willing to use all he can get, and does not think we can profitab Page 44 3 matches Some of it comes back to us in rains and dews. Of course, there are places where the sewage of our cities and villages can be used for irrigating purposes. But when water is used as f Page 45 3 matches acid, and potash, are largely retained in the first few inches of surface soil, and the deeper roots get hold of only those portions which leach through the upper layer of earth. Nitr Page 46 4 matches r thirty years’ experience in the use of these fertilizers, I would place far more confidence on a good and reliable analysis than on any actual trial I could make in the field. Testi Page 47 2 matches and was very light, and that you might walk over the fresh plowed surface in the wettest weather without any clay sticking to your boots: still a portion of the soil was dark in color Page 48 9 matches c acid by drainage. I was not at all surprised to find, that the surface soil of a wood on my farm, was poorer in nitrogen than the soil of an old permanent pasture, to which no manu Page 49 8 matches o dispense with railroad transportation in bringing manure to their places and marketing crops. I have noticed that one of the shrewdest gardeners invariably composts horn-shavings an Page 50 1 match |948 | 1.6| 5.0| 2.2| 0.4| 0.3| 0.4| 1.0| 0.4| 0.2 Sugar-beet Pomace |700 | 2.9| 11.4| 3.9| 0.9| 2.6| 0.7| 1.1| 0.4| 0.9 Clarifying Refuse |948 | 0.8| 3.3| 0.3| 0.1| 1.1| 0.2| Page 51 1 match of roots) | 19 | 0.24| 1.15|0.336|0.108|0.132|0.144 Pomace (15 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 46 | 0.44| 1.71|0.5 Page 52 3 matches by Growing, 133-163 ” Letting it Rot on the Surface as Manure, 134 ” Nitrogen as a Manure for, 141 ” Pastu Page 53 1 match uperphosphate of Lime, When First Made in the United States, 324 Surface Application of Manure, 70-268 Swamp-muck, Page 54 2 matches con,” said he _quotation marks as in original (same speaker)_ carbonaceous matter and water, of little or no value?” _text has question mark after close quote_ It would be a very

11 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 12 | .. | 300 | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 | 12 | .. | 300 | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 13 | .. | 300 | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 | 13 | .. | 300 | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 14 | .. | 300 | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 | 14 | .. | 300 | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | .. | 15 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | .. | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 | 16 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | 500 | 17 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 17 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | .. | 18 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. | 18 | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 150 | 150 | .. | | | | | | | | | | | | | 19 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500 | 20 | Unmanured.| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21}| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22}| | | | | | | | | | | | ---+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Produce Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel. OC Offal Corn. TC Total Corn. S&C Straw and Chaff. TP/C&S Total Produce (Corn and Straw.) C Corn. TP Total Produce. OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed. C100 Corn to 100 Straw. ----------------------------------+-----------------+----+-----+---- | Increase per | | | Produce per Acre, &c. | Acre By Manure. | | | P --------------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+ | | l Dressed Corn.| | | | | | | | | | o --------+-----+ | | | TP | | | | | | t Qty. |Wt/Bu|OC | TC |S&C |C&S | C | S&C | TP |OCD |C100 | s --------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+---- Bu. Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs. |lbs. | | | 19 0¾ |53.4 |138 |1259|2074|3333| 307 | 362 | 669|13.4| 60.7| 0 16 0¾ |59.6 |160 |1124|1735|2859| 172 | 23 | 195|16.3| 64.7| 1 23 2¾ |58.2 |210 |1705|3041|4746| 753 |1329 | 2082|13.8| 56.0| 2 14 3 |57.3 |106 | 952|1712|2664| .. | .. | .. |12.1| 55.6| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 24 0½ |58.5 |172 |1583|2713|4296| 631 |1001 | 1632|12.0| 58.3| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | 29 3½ |59.2 |144 |1911|3266|5177| 959 |1554 | 2513| 7.9| 58.5| 5a 39 3½ |59.1 |107 |1932|3533|5465| 980 |1821 | 2801| 5.8| 57.5| 5b 24 3¼ |58.8 |214 |1672|2878|4550| 720 |1166 | 1886|14.6| 58.0| 6a 26 3 |56.9 |216 |1737|2968|4705| 785 |1256 | 2041|14.0| 58.5| 6b 30 3¼ |59.4 |106 |1936|3088|5024| 984 |1376 | 2360| 5.7| 62.6| 7a 29 3¼ |59.6 |187 |1963|3413|5376|1011 |1701 | 2712|10.3| 57.5| 7b | | | | | | | | | | | 19 3 |56.2 |154 |1263|2317|3580| 311 | 605 | 916|13.6| 54.5| 8a 19 0¾ |59.4 |127 |1267|2148|3415| 315 | 436 | 751|11.1| 58.8| 8b 18 2½ |56.7 |125 |1181|1945|3126| 229 | 233 | 462|11.6| 60.7| 9a 25 0¼ |53.3 |208 |1669|2918|4587| 717 |1206 | 1923|13.9| 57.1| 9b 19 1 |58.1 |215 |1334|2367|3701| 382 | 655 | 1037|19.0| 56.3| 10a 25 0¼ |57.8 |155 |1604|2926|4530| 652 |1214 | 1866|10.6| 54.8| 10b | | | | | | | | | | | 29 1½ |59.6 |233 |1984|3274|5258|1032 |1562 | 2594|13.1| 60.6| 11a 24 3 |57.9 |207 |1641|2898|4539| 689 |1186 | 1875|14.1| 56.4| 11b 29 3 |59.3 |174 |1938|3390|5328| 986 |1678 | 2664| 9.3| 57.2| 12a 26 0¾ |59.2 |167 |1717|2880|4597| 765 |1168 | 1933|10.7| 59.6| 12b 29 1½ |57.9 |253 |1955|3290|5245|1003 |1578 | 2581|14.7| 59.4| 13a 25 3¼ |58.4 |224 |1730|3072|4802| 778 |1360 | 2138|14.6| 56.3| 13b 28 0¼ |58.8 |184 |1834|3257|5091| 882 |1545 | 2427|11.1| 56.3| 14a 25 2½ |58.5 |227 |1726|2897|4623| 774 |1185 | 1959|15.1| 59.5| 14b | | | | | | | | | | | 22 3½ |58.1 |242 |1571|2937|4508| 619 |1225 | 1844|18.1| 53.4| 15a 24 2¾ |56.9 |202 |1607|3016|4623| 655 |1304 | 1959|14.1| 53.2| 15b | | | | | | | | | | | 29 3¼ |60.0 |184 |1973|3115|5088|1021 |1403 | 2424|10.2| 63.3| 16a 30 1¾ |58.4 |171 |1948|3380|5328| 996 |1668 | 2664| 9.4| 57.6| 16b 27 2½ |59.7 |285 |1933|3296|5229| 981 |1584 | 2565|17.0| 58.6| 17a 28 3½ |59.7 |222 |1946|3324|5270| 994 |1612 | 2606|12.6| 58.5| 17b 26 3 |59.2 |150 |1734|2935|4669| 782 |1223 | 2005| 9.2| 59.0| 18a 26 2¾ |59.6 |215 |1804|3056|4860| 852 |1344 | 2196|13.3| 58.7| 18b | | | | | | | | | | | 29 1¾ |56.2 |185 |1838|3295|5133| 886 |1583 | 2469|10.4| 55.7| 19 16 0½ |58.3 |111 |1050|1721|2771| 98 | 9 | 107|11.3| 61.0| 20 .. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |}21 | | | | | | | | | | |}22 --------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+---- This season was considered unfavorable for wheat. The continuously unmanured plot produced 14¾ bushels, and the plot receiving 14 tons of barn yard manure, 25¾ bushels per acre nearly. 300 lbs. of ammonia-salts alone on plot 10_a_, gave 19¼ bushels per acre, while the same quantity of ammonia, with superphosphate in addition, gave, on plot 9_b_, 25 bushels per acre. The addition to the above manures of 300 lbs. of potash, 200 lbs. soda, and 100 lbs. sulphate of magnesia, on plot 10_b_, gave precisely the same yield per acre as the ammonia and the superphosphate alone. _The potash, soda, and magnesia, therefore, did no good._ 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts, with superphosphate, potash, etc., gave, on plot 17_b_, nearly 29 bushels per acre, or 3½ bushels more than the plot which has now received 70 tons of barn-yard manure in five successive years. “I see that, on plot 0,” said the Deacon, “one ton of superphosphate was used per acre, and it gave only half a bushel per acre more than 350 lbs. on 9_a_.” “This proves,” said I, “that an excessive dose of superphosphate will do no harm. I am not sure that 100 lbs. of a good superphosphate _drilled in with the seed_, would not have done _as much good_ as a ton per acre.” “You say,” remarked the Deacon, “that the season was unfavorable for wheat. And yet the no-manure plot produced nearly 15 bushels of wheat per acre.” “That is all true,” said I, “and yet the season was undoubtedly an unfavorable one. This is shown not only in the less yield, but in the inferior quality of the grain. The ‘dressed corn’ on the no-manure plot this year only weighed 57⅓ lbs. per bushel, while last year it weighed 61 lbs. per bushel.” “By the way,” said the Doctor, “what do Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert mean by ‘dressed corn’?” “By ‘corn,’” said I, “they mean wheat; and by ‘dressed corn’ they mean wheat that has been run through a fanning-mill until all the light and shrunken grain is blown or sieved out. In other words, ‘dressed corn’ is wheat carefully cleaned for market. The English farmers take more pains in cleaning their grain than we do. And this ‘dressed corn’ was as clean as a good fanning-mill could make it. You will observe that there was more ‘offal corn’ this year than last. This also indicates an unfavorable season.” “It would have been very interesting,” said the Doctor, “if Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert had analyzed the wheat produced by the different manures, so that we might have known something in regard to the quality of the flour as influenced by the use of different fertilizers.” “They did that very thing,” said I, “and not only that, but they made the wheat grown on different plots, into flour, and ascertained the yield of flour from a given weight of wheat, and the amount of bran, middlings, etc., etc. They obtained some very interesting and important results. I was there at the time. But this is not the place to discuss the question. I am often amused, however, at the remarks we often hear in regard to the inferior quality of our wheat as compared to what it was when the country was new. Many seem to think that ‘there is something lacking in the soil’--some say potash, and some phosphates, and some this, and some that. I believe nothing of the kind. Depend upon it, the variety of the wheat and the soil and season have much more to do with the quality or strength of the flour, than the chemical composition of the manures applied to the land.” “At any rate,” said the Doctor, “we may be satisfied that anything that will produce a vigorous, healthy growth of wheat is favorable to quality. We may use manures in excess, and thus produce over-luxuriance and an unhealthy growth, and have poor, shrunken grain. In this case, it is not the use, but the abuse of the manure that does the mischief. We must not manure higher than the season will bear. As yet, this question rarely troubles us. Hitherto, as a rule, our seasons are better than our farming. It may not always be so. We may find the liberal use of manure so profitable that we shall occasionally use it in excess. At present, however, the tendency is all the other way. We have more grain of inferior quality from lack of fertility than from an excess of plant-food.” “That may be true,” said I, “but we have more poor, inferior wheat from lack of draining and good culture, than from lack of plant-food. Red-root, thistles, cockle, and chess, have done more to injure the reputation of ‘Genesee Flour,’ than any other one thing, and I should like to hear more said about thorough cultivation, and the destruction of weeds, and less about soil exhaustion.” The following table shows the results of the experiments the _sixth year_, 1848-9. Experiments at Rothamsted on the Growth of Wheat, Year After Year, on the Same Land. Table VI.--Manures and Produce; 6th Season, 1848-9. Manures and Seed (Red Cluster), Sown Autumn, 1848. Manures FM Farm-yard Manure. P-A Pearl-ash. S-A Soda-ash. SMg Sulphate of Magnesia. B-A Bone-ash. SAc Sulphuric Acid. (Sp. gr. 1.7) MAc Muriatic Acid. SAm Sulphate of Ammonia. MAm Muriate of Ammonia. RC Rape-cake. ----+----------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Manures per Acre. | P +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----------------+-----+-----+----+ l | | | | | Superphosphate | | | | o | | | | | of Lime. | | | | t | | | | +-----+-----+-----+ | | | s | FM | P-A | S-A | SMg | B-A | SAc | MAc | SAm | MAm | RC | ----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+ |Tons.|lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs. |lbs.| 0 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 600 | 450 | .. | .. | .. | ..| 1 | .. | 600 | 400 | 200 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| 2 | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| 3 |Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 5a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 250 | 250 | ..| 5b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | 500| 6a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 6b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 7a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 7b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 8a |Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| 8b | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |2000| 9a | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |2000| 9b |Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| 10a | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 10b | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 11a | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 11b | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 12a | .. | 300 | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 12b | .. | 300 | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 13a | .. | 300 | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 13b | .. | 300 | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 14a | .. | 300 | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 14b | .. | 300 | .. | .. | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 15a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | ..| 15b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500| | | | | | | | | | | | 16a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 16b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 17a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 17b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 18a | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| 18b | .. | 300 | 200 | 100 | 200 | 150 | .. | 200 | 200 | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 19 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200 | .. | 200 | 300 | .. | 500| 20 |Unmanured. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..| | | | | | | | | | | | 21 }|Mixture of the residue of most of the other | .. | ..| 22 }| manures. | | | ----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+ Produce Wt/Bu Weight per Bushel. OC Offal Corn. TC Total Corn. S&C Straw and Chaff. TP/C&S Total Produce (Corn and Straw.) C Corn. TP Total Produce. OCD Offal Corn to 100 Dressed. C100 Corn to 100 Straw. ----------------------------------+-----------------+----+----+---- | Increase per | | | Produce per Acre, &c. | Acre By Manure.| | | P --------------+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+ | | l Dressed Corn.| | | | | | | | | | o --------+-----+ | | | TP | | | | | | t Qty. |Wt/Bu| OC | TC |S&C |C&S | C | S&C | TP |OCD |C100| s --------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+----+----+---- Bu Pks.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs. |lbs. | | | .. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0 .. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 31 0 |63.8 |107 |2068|3029|5097| 839|1415 | 2254|4.7 |68.3| 2 19 1 |61.4 | 47 |1229|1614|2843| .. | .. | .. |3.9 |76.1| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 30 0 |63.0 |110 |2063|2645|4708| 834|1031 | 1865|5.6 |78.0| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | 37 1¼ |63.1 | 89 |2446|3589|6035| 1217|1975 | 3192|3.7 |68.1| 5a 39 3½ |63.4 | 97 |2651|3824|6475| 1422|2210 | 3632|5.0 |69.3| 5b 36 1½ |63.0 |117 |2410|3072|5482| 1181|1458 | 2639|5.1 |78.4| 6a 37 3¾ |63.0 | 94 |2484|3516|6000| 1255|1902 | 3157|3.9 |70.6| 6b 38 2¼ |63.1 |137 |2576|3584|6160| 1347|1970 | 3317|5.6 |71.9| 7a 37 3¾ |62.9 |141 |2531|3396|5927| 1302|1782 | 3084|5.9 |74.5| 7b | | | | | | | | | | | 22 3 |61.7 | 76 |1481|1815|3296| 252| 201 | 453|5.3 |81.6| 8a 31 2½ |63.0 | 85 |2080|3166|5246| 851|1552 | 2403|4.3 |65.7| 8b 30 2¾ |62.8 |111 |2035|2683|4718| 806|1069 | 1875|5.8 |75.8| 9a 22 1½ |62.3 | 80 |1475|1810|3285| 246| 196 | 432|5.7 |81.5| 9b 32 2¼ |62.3 |112 |2141|2851|4992| 912|1237 | 2149|5.5 |75.1| 10a 32 1¼ |63.3 |110 |2157|2960|5117| 928|1346 | 2274|5.3 |72.9| 10b | | | | | | | | | | | 35 0½ |62.6 |121 |2317|2892|5209| 1088|1278 | 2366|5.6 |80.1| 11a 32 1¼ |63.0 |112 |2149|2942|5091| 920|1328 | 2248|5.5 |73.0| 11b 35 3¼ |64.3 | 93 |2396|3371|5767| 1167|1757 | 2924|4.1 |71.1| 12a 34 1¼ |64.3 | 71 |2277|3300|5577| 1048|1687 | 2735|3.2 |69.0| 12b 34 3¾ |64.1 |101 |2340|3236|5576| 1111|1622 | 2733|4.5 |72.3| 13a 34 2¼ |64.1 |129 |2346|3246|5592| 1117|1632 | 2749|5.8 |72.3| 13b 34 1½ |64.3 | 56 |2266|3211|5477| 1037|1597 | 2634|2.5 |70.6| 14a 31 1¼ |64.3 |112 |2123|3218|5341| 894|1604 | 2498|5.5 |66.0| 14b | | | | | | | | | | | 31 3¼ |64.2 | 65 |2109|3038|5147| 880|1424 | 2304|3.2 |69.4| 15a 30 0¾ |64.1 | 68 |2005|3262|5267| 776|1648 | 2424|3.5 |61.5| 15b | | | | | | | | | | | 33 1½ |64.5 |101 |2254|3384|5638| 1025|1770 | 2795|4.7 |66.6| 16a 33 3¾ |64.6 | 75 |2268|3559|5827| 1039|1945 | 2984|3.4 |63.7| 16b 34 1 |64.3 |111 |2316|3891|6207| 1087|2277 | 3364|5.1 |59.4| 17a 33 1½ |64.4 |112 |2259|3858|6117| 1030|2244 | 3274|5.2 |58.5| 17b 32 1¼ |64.0 | 93 |2163|3592|5755| 934|1978 | 2912|4.5 |60.2| 18a 33 2¼ |64.0 | 95 |2243|3779|6022| 1014|2165 | 3179|4.4 |59.3| 18b | | | | | | | | | | | 29 2¼ |63.9 |102 |1994|3270|5264| 765|1656 | 2421|5.4 |61.0| 19 .. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20 .. .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |}21 | | | | | | | | | | |}22 --------+-----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+----+----+---- “This was my last year at Rothamsted,” said I, “and I feel a peculiar interest in looking over the results after such a lapse of time. When this crop was growing, my father, a good practical farmer, but with little faith in chemical manures, paid me a visit. We went to the experimental wheat-field. The first two plots, 0 and 1, had been dressed, the one with superphosphate, the other with potash, soda, and magnesia. My father did not seem much impressed with this kind of chemical manuring. Stepping to the next plot, where 14 tons of barn-yard manure had been used, he remarked, “this is good, what have you here?” “Never mind,” said I, “we have better crops farther on.” The next plot, No. 3, was the one continuously unmanured. “I can beat this myself,” said he, and passed on to the next. “This is better,” said he, “what have you here?” “Superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia.” “Well, it is a good crop, and the straw is bright and stiff.”--It turned out 30 bushels per acre, 63 lbs. to the bushel. The next six plots had received very heavy dressings of ammonia-salts, with superphosphate, potash, soda, and magnesia. He examined them with the greatest interest. “What have you here?” he asked, while he was examining 5_a_, which afterwards turned out 37¼ bushels per acre. --“Potash, soda, epsom-salts, superphosphate, and ammonia--but it is the ammonia that does the good.”

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PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject Harris, Joseph, 1828-1892primary

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