TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT TEXT

---+--------------------------------------------+-------+--------- No.| Kind And Condition Of Manures. | Wt/Bu | Wt/Load ---+--------------------------------------------+-------+--------- | | lbs. | lbs. 1.|Fresh horse-manure free from straw | 37½ | 1875 2.| ” ” ” ” ” ” pressed | 55 | 2750 3.|Fresh horse-manure, | | | as used for bedding pigs | 28 | 1400 4.| ” ” ” | | | ” ” ” ” ” pressed | 46 | 2300 5.|Horse-manure from pig cellar | 50 | 2500 6.| ” ” ” ” ” pressed | 72 | 3600 7.|Pig-manure | 57 | 2850 8.| ” ” pressed | 75 | 3750 9.|Pig-manure and dry earth | 98 | 4900 10.|Sheep-manure from open shed | 42 | 2100 11.| ” ” ” ” ” pressed | 65 | 3250 12.|Sheep-manure from closed shed | 28 | 1400 13.| ” ” ” ” ” pressed | 38 | 1900 14.|Fresh cow-dung, free from straw | 87 | 4350 15.|Hen-manure | 34 | 1700 16.| ” ” pressed | 48 | 2400 ---+--------------------------------------------+-------+--------- “In buying manure,” said the Deacon, “it makes quite a difference whether the load is trod down solid or thrown loosely into the box. A load of fresh horse-manure, when trod down, weighs half as much again as when thrown in loose.” “A load of horse-manure,” said Charley, “after it has been used for bedding pigs, weighs 3,600 lbs., and only 2,300 lbs. when it is thrown into the pens, and I suppose a ton of the ‘double-worked’ manure is fully as valuable as a ton of the fresh horse-manure. If so, 15 ‘loads’ of the pig-pen manure is equal to 24 ‘loads’ of the stable-manure.” “A ton of fresh horse-manure,” said the Doctor, “contains about 9 lbs. of nitrogen; a ton of fresh cow-dung about 6 lbs.; a ton of fresh sheep-dung, 11 lbs., and a ton of fresh pig-manure, 12 lbs. But if the Deacon and you weighed correctly, a ‘load’ or cord of cow-manure would contain more nitrogen than a load of pressed horse-manure. The figures are as follows: A load of 50 bushels of fresh horse-dung, pressed and free from straw contains 12.37 lbs. nitrogen. A load of fresh cow-dung 13.05 ” ” ” ” sheep ” 10.45 ” ” ” ” pig ” 22.50 ” ” “These figures,” said I, “show how necessary it is to look at this subject in all its aspects. If I was buying manures _by weight,_ I would much prefer a ton of sheep-manure, if it had been made under cover, to any other manure except hen-dung, especially if it contained all the urine from the sheep. But if buying manure by the load or cord, that from a covered pig-pen would be preferable to any other.” LIQUID MANURE ON THE FARM. I have never had any personal experience in the use of liquid manure to any crop except grass. At Rothamsted, Mr. Lawes used to draw out the liquid manure in a water-cart, and distribute it on grass land. “What we want to know,” said the Deacon, “is whether the liquid from our barn-yards will pay to draw out. If it will, the proper method of using it can be left to our ingenuity.” According to Prof. Wolff, a ton of urine from horses, cows, sheep, and swine, contains the following amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, and, for the sake of comparison, I give the composition of drainage from the barn-yard, and also of fresh dung of the different animals: Table Showing the Amount of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash, in One Ton of the Fresh Dung and Fresh Urine of Different Animals, and Also of the Drainage of the Barn-Yard. Nitro(gen). Phos(phoric) Acid. Pot(ash). ---------------+----------------------+----------------------- | 1 Ton Fresh Dung. | 1 Ton Fresh Urine. ---------------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+------- |Nitro. |Phos. | Pot. |Nitro. |Phos. | Pot. | |acid. | | |acid. | ---------------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+------- | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. Horse | 8.8 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 31.0 | | 30.0 Cow | 5.8 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 11.6 | | 9.8 Sheep | 11.0 | 6.2 | 3.0 | 39.0 | 0.2 | 45.2 Swine | 12.0 | 8.2 | 5.2 | 8.6 | 1.4 | 16.6 Mean | 9.4 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 22.5 | 0.4 | 25.4 Drainage of | | | | | | barn-yard | | | | 3.0 | 0.2 | 9.8 ---------------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+------- The drainage from a barn-yard, it will be seen, contains a little more than half as much nitrogen as cow-dung; and it is probable that the nitrogen in the liquid is in a much more available condition than that in the dung. It contains, also, nearly five times as much potash as the dung. It would seem, therefore, that with proper arrangements for pumping and distributing, this liquid could be drawn a short distance with profit. But whether it will or will not pay to cart away the drainage, it is obviously to our interest to prevent, as far as possible, any of the liquid from running to waste. It is of still greater importance to guard against any loss of urine. It will be seen that, on the average, a ton of the urine of our domestic animals contains more than twice as much nitrogen as a ton of the dung. Where straw, leaves, swamp-muck, or other absorbent materials are not sufficiently abundant to prevent any loss of urine, means should be used to drain it into a tank so located that the liquid can either be pumped back on to the manure when needed, or drawn away to the land. “I do not see,” said the Deacon, “why horse and sheep-urine should contain so much more nitrogen and potash than that from the cow and pig.” “The figures given by Prof. Wolff,” said I, “are general averages. The composition of the urine varies greatly. The richer the food in digestible nitrogenous matter, the more nitrogen will there be in the dry matter of the urine. And, other things being equal, the less water the animal drinks, the richer will the urine be in nitrogen. The urine from a sheep fed solely on turnips would contain little or no more nitrogen than the urine of a cow fed on turnips. An ox or a dry cow fed on grass would probably void no more nor no poorer urine than a horse fed on grass. The urine that Mr. Lawes drew out in a cart on to his grass-land was made by sheep that had one lb. each of oil-cake per day, and one lb. of chaffed clover-hay, and all the turnips they would eat. They voided a large quantity of urine, but as the food was rich in nitrogen, the urine was doubtless nearly or quite as rich as that analyzed by Prof. Wolff, though that probably contained less water.” If I was going to draw out liquid manure, I should be very careful to spout all the buildings, and keep the animals and manure as much under cover as possible, and also feed food rich in nitrogen. In such circumstances, it would doubtless pay to draw the urine full as well as to draw the solid manure. NIGHTSOIL AND SEWAGE. The composition of human excrements, as compared with the mean composition of the excrements from horses, cows, sheep, and swine, so far as the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are concerned, is as follows: Table Showing the Amount of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash, in One Ton of Fresh Human Excrements, and in One Ton of Fresh Excrements From Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Swine. Phos(phoric) Acid. -----------+----------------------------+---------------------------- | Solids | Urine One ton +---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+--------- (2000 lbs).| | Phos. | | | Phos. | |Nitrogen.| acid. |Potash. |Nitrogen.| acid. |Potash. -----------+---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+--------- Human |20.0 lbs.|21.8 lbs.|5.0 lbs.|12.0 lbs.|3.7 lbs.| 4.0 lbs. -----------+---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+--------- Mean of | | | | | | horse, cow,| | | | | | sheep, and | | | | | | swine | 9.4 ” | 6.2 ” |4.3 ” |22.5 ” |0.4 ” |25.4 ” -----------+---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+--------- One ton of fresh fæces contains more than twice as much nitrogen, and more than three times as much phosphoric acid, as a ton of fresh mixed animal-dung. The nitrogen, too, is probably in a more available condition than that in common barnyard-dung; and we should not be far wrong in estimating 1 ton of fæces equal to 2½ tons of ordinary dung, or about equal in value to carefully preserved manure from liberally-fed sheep, swine, and fattening cattle. “It is an unpleasant job,” said the Deacon, “but it pays well to empty the vaults at least twice a year.” “If farmers,” said the Doctor, “would only throw into the vaults from time to time some dry earth or coal ashes, the contents of the vaults could be removed without any disagreeable smell.” “That is so,” said I, “and even where a vault has been shamefully neglected, and is full of offensive matter, it can be cleaned out without difficulty and without smell. I have cleaned out a large vault in an hour. We were drawing manure from the yards with three teams and piling it in the field. We brought back a load of sand and threw half of it into the vault, and put the other half on one side, to be used as required. The sand and fæces were then, with a long-handled shovel, thrown into the wagon, and drawn to the pile of manure in the field, and thrown on to the pile, not more than two or three inches thick. The team brought back a load of sand, and so we continued until the work was done. Sand or dry earth is cheap, and we used all that was necessary to prevent the escape of any unpleasant gases, and to keep the material from adhering to the shovels or the wagon.” “Human urine,” said the Doctor, “is richer in phosphoric acid, but much poorer in nitrogen and potash than the urine from horses, cows, sheep, and swine.” “Some years ago,” said the Deacon, “Mr. H. E. Hooker, of Rochester, used to draw considerable quantities of urine from the city to his farm. It would pay better to draw out the urine from farm animals.” “The figures given above,” said I, “showing the composition of human excrements, are from Prof. Wolff, and probably are generally correct. But, of course, the composition of the excrements would vary greatly, according to the food.” It has been ascertained by Lawes and Gilbert that the amount of matter voided by an adult male in the course of a year is--fæces, 95 lbs.; urine, 1,049 lbs.; total liquid and solid excrements in the pure state, 1,144 lbs. These contain: Dry substance--fæces, 23¾ lbs.; urine, 34½; total, 58¼ lbs. Mineral matter--fæces, 2½ lbs.; urine, 12; total, 14½ lbs. Carbon--fæces, 10 lbs.; urine, 12; total 22 lbs. Nitrogen--fæces, 1.2 lbs.; urine, 10.8; total, 12 lbs. Phosphoric acid--fæces, 0.7 lbs.; urine, 1.93; total, 2.63 lbs. Potash--fæces, 0.24 lbs.; urine, 2.01; total, 2.25 lbs. The amount of potash is given by Prof. E. Wolff, not by Lawes and Gilbert. The mixed solid and liquid excrements, in the condition they leave the body, contain about 95 per cent of water. It would require, therefore, 20 tons of fresh mixed excrements, to make one ton of _dry_ nightsoil, or the entire amount voided by a mixed family of 43 persons in a year. One hundred lbs. of fresh fæces contain 75 lbs. of water, and 25 lbs. of dry substance. One hundred lbs. of fresh urine contain 96½ lbs. of water, and 3½ lbs. of dry substance. One hundred lbs. of the dry substance of the fæces contain 5 lbs. of nitrogen, and 5½ lbs. of phosphates. One hundred lbs. of the dry substance of the urine contain 27 lbs. of nitrogen, and 10¾ lbs. of phosphates. These figures are from Lawes and Gilbert, and may be taken as representing the composition of excrements from moderately well-fed persons. According to Wolff, a ton of fresh human urine contains 12 lbs. of nitrogen. According to Lawes and Gilbert, 18 lbs. The liquid carted from the city by Mr. Hooker was from well-fed adult males, and would doubtless be fully equal to the figures given by Lawes and Gilbert. If we call the nitrogen worth 20 cents a lb., and the phosphoric acid (soluble) worth 12½ cents, a ton of such urine would be worth, _on the land_, $1.06. “A ton of the fresh fæces,” said the Deacon, “at the same estimate, would be worth (20 lbs. nitrogen, at 20 cents, $4; 21¾ lbs. phosphoric acid, at 12½ cents, $2.70), $6.70.” “Not by a good deal,” said the Doctor. “The nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the urine are both soluble, and would be immediately available. But the nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the fæces would be mostly insoluble. We cannot estimate the nitrogen in the fæces at over 15 cents a lb., and the phosphoric acid at 5 cents. This would make the value of a ton of fresh fæces, _on the land_, $4.09.” “This makes the ton of fæces worth about the same as a ton of urine. But I would like to know,” said the Deacon, “if you really believe we could afford to pay $4 per ton for the stuff delivered on the farm?” “If we could get the genuine article,” said the Doctor, “it would be worth $4 a ton. But, as a rule, it is mixed with water, and dirt, and stones, and bricks, and rubbish of all kinds. Still, it is unquestionably a valuable fertilizer.” “In the dry-earth closets,” said I, “such a large quantity of earth has to be used to absorb the liquid, that the material, even if used several times, is not worth carting any considerable distance. Dr. Gilbert found that 5 tons of absolutely dry earth, before using, contained 16.7 lbs. of nitrogen. After being used _once_, 5 tons of the dry earth contained 24.0 lbs. ” ” ” twice, ” ” ” ” ” 36.3 ” ” ” ” three times, ” ” ” ” ” 44.6 ” ” ” ” four times, ” ” ” ” ” 54.0 ” ” ” ” five times, ” ” ” ” ” 61.4 ” ” ” ” six times, ” ” ” ” ” 71.6 ” Dr. Vœlcker found that five tons of dry earth gained about 7 lbs. of nitrogen, and 11 lbs. of phosphoric acid, each time it was used in the closets. If we consider each lb. of nitrogen with the phosphoric acid worth 20 cents a lb., 5 tons of the dry earth, after being used once, would be worth $1.46, or less than 30 cents a ton, and after it had been used six times, five tons of the material would be worth $11.98, or about $2.40 per ton. In this calculation I have not reckoned in the value of the nitrogen the soil contained before using. Soil, on a farm, is cheap. It is clear from these facts that any earth-closet manure a farmer would be likely to purchase in the city has not a very high value. It is absurd to talk of making “guano” or any concentrated fertilizer out of the material from earth-closets. “It is rather a reflection on our science and practical skill,” said the Doctor, “but it looks at present as though the only plan to adopt in large cities is to use enormous quantities of water and wash the stuff into the rivers and oceans for the use of aquatic plants and fishes. The nitrogen is not all lost. Some of it comes back to us in rains and dews. Of course, there are places where the sewage of our cities and villages can be used for irrigating purposes. But when water is used as freely as it ought to be used for health, the sewage is so extremely poor in fertilizing matter, that it must be used in enormous quantities, to furnish a dressing equal to an application of 20 tons of stable-manure per acre.” “If,” continued the Doctor, “the sewage is used merely as _water_ for irrigating purposes, that is another question. The water itself may often be of great benefit. This aspect of the question has not received the attention it merits.” PERUVIAN GUANO. Guano is the manure of birds that live principally on fish. Fish contain a high percentage of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and consequently when fish are digested and the carbon is burnt out of them, the manure that is left contains a still higher percentage of nitrogen and phosphoric acid than the fish from which it was derived. Guano is digested fish. If the guano, or the manure from the birds living on fish, has been preserved without loss, it would contain not only a far higher percentage of nitrogen, but the nitrogen would be in a much more available condition, and consequently be more valuable than the fish from which the guano is made. The difference in the value of guano is largely due to a difference in the climate and locality in which it is deposited by the birds. In a rainless and hot climate, where the bird-droppings would dry rapidly, little or no putrefaction or fermentation would take place, and there would be no loss of nitrogen from the formation and escape of ammonia. In a damper climate, or where there was more or less rain, the bird-droppings would putrefy, and the ammonia would be liable to evaporate, or to be leached out by the rain. Thirty years ago I saw a quantity of Peruvian guano that contained more than 18 per cent of nitrogen. It was remarkably light colored. You know that the white part of hen-droppings consists principally of uric acid, which contains about 33 per cent of nitrogen. For many years it was not difficult to find guano containing 13 per cent of nitrogen, and genuine Peruvian guano was the cheapest and best source of available nitrogen. But latterly, not only has the price been advanced, but the quality of the guano has deteriorated. It has contained less nitrogen and more phosphoric acid. See the Chapter on “Value of Fertilizers,” Page 324. SALTS OF AMMONIA AND NITRATE OF SODA. “I wish,” said the Deacon, “you would tell us something about the ‘ammonia-salts’ and nitrate of soda so long used in Lawes and Gilbert’s experiments. I have never seen any of them.” “You could not invest a little money to better advantage than to send for a few bags of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda. You would then see what they are, and would learn more by using them, than I can tell you in a month. You use them just as you would common salt. As a rule, the better plan is to sow them broadcast, and it is important to distribute them evenly. In sowing common salt, if you drop a handful in a place, it will kill the plants. And so it is with nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia. Two or three pounds on a square rod will do good, but if you put half of it on a square yard, it will burn up the crop, and the other half will be applied in such a small quantity that you will see but little effect, and will conclude that it is a humbug. Judging from over thirty years’ experience, I am safe in saying that not one man in ten can be trusted to sow these manures. They should be sown with as much care as you sow grass or clover-seed.” “The best plan,” said the Doctor, “is to mix them with sifted coal-ashes, or with gypsum, or sifted earth.” “Perhaps so,” said I, “though there is nothing gained by mixing earth or ashes with them, except in securing a more even distribution. And if I was going to sow them myself, I would much prefer sowing them unmixed. Any man who can sow wheat or barley can sow sulphate of ammonia or