TALKS ON MANURES A SERIES OF FAMILIAR AND PRACTICAL TALKS BETWEEN THE AUTHOR AND THE DEACON, THE DOCTOR, AND OTHER NEIGHBORS, ON THE WHOLE SUBJECT TEXT

Harris, Joseph, 1828-1892 · 2006 · 1.1 MB PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK BOOK DETAILS DOWNLOAD

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Page 2 4 matches growth of root brings the plant in contact with a larger feeding surface, and enables it to take up more nitric acid from its solution in the soil. Such is also the case during the w Page 3 2 matches aith in good plowing, early sowing, and thorough cultivation. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. The Printers have got our “Talks on Manures” in type; and the publishers want a Preface. Page 4 3 matches n as many months. Time is required for the chemical changes to take place in the soil. But watch the effect on the clover for the next two years, and when the land is plowed again, se Page 6 1 match is tillage.” CHAPTER VIII. SUMMER-FALLOWING. This is not the place to discuss the merits, or demerits, of fallowing. But an intelligent Ohio farmer writes me: --“I see that you Page 7 7 matches eat will be produced by the slow combustion of a portion of the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter, and the result will be a mass of material, which we should all recognize as “manur Page 8 5 matches ny value in the table. For instance, there is a large amount of carbonaceous matter in the manure of animals, which, for some crops, is not without value, but which is not here taken Page 9 2 matches s very considerable. The five tons (10,000 lbs.,) of fresh manure placed in a heap on the 3d of November, are reduced to 7,138 lbs. by the 30th of April. Of this 4,707 lbs. is water Page 10 1 match y manure deteriorates by being exposed to rain, spread out on the surface of the yard. The table merits careful study.” Table Showing Composition of Experimental Heap (No. III.). F Page 11 9 matches plow in the manure at once, or to let it lie for some time on the surface, and to give the rain full opportunity to wash it into the soil. “It appears to me a matter of the greatest Page 12 2 matches that he gets far more benefit from the manure when applied on the surface, and left exposed for several months, than if he plowed it under at once. I like to write and talk about Jo Page 13 14 matches ht the farm thirteen years ago; and much of this increase has taken place during the last five or six years, and I expect to see still greater improvement year by year. “Never mind a Page 14 3 matches e. 2d. When manure is allowed to lie scattered about over a large surface, it is liable to have much of its value washed out by the rain. In a compact heap of this kind, the rain or s Page 15 6 matches ceive from ten to twenty times as much water as would fall on the surface of the heap.” “But you do recommend piling manure and fermenting it in the open air and keeping the top flat Page 16 3 matches implements 65.00 Average repairs of place and buildings 175.00 Average depreciation and interest on stock 180.00 In Page 19 4 matches practice. We must either plow under the clover, let it rot on the surface, or pasture it, or use it for soiling, or make it into hay, feed it out to stock, and return the manure to th Page 20 5 matches to these crops, either by strengthening the straw, or stems of graminaceous plants, or otherwise benefiting them; but, after deducting the amount of silica from the total amount of m Page 21 7 matches ction, a six-inch slice cut down at a depth of 12 inches from the surface, no distinct fibres could be found. The soil was almost completely saturated with rain when it was dug up on Page 22 8 matches hed, when very nearly dry: Lbs. Surface, six inches 2,407,900 Next ” 2,444,200 Third ” 2,480,500 “ Page 23 1 match nalyses of the soil show that in the first eighteen inches of the surface-soil, there was 6,550 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, on one part of the field, and 10,300 lbs. on the other part. Page 24 3 matches about 5 per cent of nitrogen, and is also rich in minerals and _carbonaceous matter_. It gives an increase, but not as large in proportion to the nitrogen furnished, as the sulphate o Page 25 2 matches t there is little danger of any loss from spreading manure on the surface, and I suppose you would have us conclude that we make a mistake in plowing it under, as the soil renders it Page 26 5 matches nd it to his advantage to use it largely as a top-dressing on the surface. Exposing manure to the atmosphere, spread out on the land for several months, and harrowing it occasionally, Page 27 1 match and important results. I was there at the time. But this is not the place to discuss the question. I am often amused, however, at the remarks we often hear in regard to the inferior q Page 31 1 match njured by stagnant water _in the soil_, and standing water on the surface. I think we may safely say that one-third the wheat-crop of this county (Monroe Co., N.Y.), is lost for want Page 32 9 matches potash, etc., was mixed with it, the ammonia, or potash, taking the place of the lime or soda. Prof. Way’s discovery, then, is not that soils have “absorptive properties”--that has b Page 33 1 match siderable extent. I have several times sown barley as soon as the surface-soil was thawed out five or six inches deep, but with a bed of solid frozen earth beneath. 3d. Two-rowed bar Page 36 1 match was applied in the spring. If the manure had been applied on the surface, instead of plowing it under, I believe the effect would have been still more in favor of the autumn-manuring Page 38 2 matches h a little soil, and then the superphosphate or sulphate of ammonia placed on the top and covered with soil before the seed was planted. Notwithstanding this precaution, the rain wash Page 39 8 matches ill not interfere with the drill. And the manure will be near the surface, where the young roots of the wheat can get hold of it. “You must recollect,” said the Doctor, “that the roo Page 40 7 matches case; and yet there seem to be some facts that would incline us to place Indian corn with the leguminous plants, such as clover, peas, and beans, rather than with the cereals, wheat, Page 41 4 matches to good food the refuse plant-food left in the soil. It is to the surface soil, what clover is to the subsoil. To the market gardener, or to a farmer who manures heavily common turnip Page 42 1 match e trouble is in the quality of the manure. It contains too much carbonaceous matter. In other words, it is so poor in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, that an excessive quantity has to b Page 43 4 matches each load of this rotted manure costs at least $5.00. H. E. Hooker places the cost of manure equally high, but seems willing to use all he can get, and does not think we can profitab Page 44 3 matches Some of it comes back to us in rains and dews. Of course, there are places where the sewage of our cities and villages can be used for irrigating purposes. But when water is used as f Page 45 3 matches acid, and potash, are largely retained in the first few inches of surface soil, and the deeper roots get hold of only those portions which leach through the upper layer of earth. Nitr Page 46 4 matches r thirty years’ experience in the use of these fertilizers, I would place far more confidence on a good and reliable analysis than on any actual trial I could make in the field. Testi Page 47 2 matches and was very light, and that you might walk over the fresh plowed surface in the wettest weather without any clay sticking to your boots: still a portion of the soil was dark in color Page 48 9 matches c acid by drainage. I was not at all surprised to find, that the surface soil of a wood on my farm, was poorer in nitrogen than the soil of an old permanent pasture, to which no manu Page 49 8 matches o dispense with railroad transportation in bringing manure to their places and marketing crops. I have noticed that one of the shrewdest gardeners invariably composts horn-shavings an Page 50 1 match |948 | 1.6| 5.0| 2.2| 0.4| 0.3| 0.4| 1.0| 0.4| 0.2 Sugar-beet Pomace |700 | 2.9| 11.4| 3.9| 0.9| 2.6| 0.7| 1.1| 0.4| 0.9 Clarifying Refuse |948 | 0.8| 3.3| 0.3| 0.1| 1.1| 0.2| Page 51 1 match of roots) | 19 | 0.24| 1.15|0.336|0.108|0.132|0.144 Pomace (15 per cent | | | | | | | of roots) | 46 | 0.44| 1.71|0.5 Page 52 3 matches by Growing, 133-163 ” Letting it Rot on the Surface as Manure, 134 ” Nitrogen as a Manure for, 141 ” Pastu Page 53 1 match uperphosphate of Lime, When First Made in the United States, 324 Surface Application of Manure, 70-268 Swamp-muck, Page 54 2 matches con,” said he _quotation marks as in original (same speaker)_ carbonaceous matter and water, of little or no value?” _text has question mark after close quote_ It would be a very

Barn-yard Manure, Difference in Quality of, 246 Bean-straw for Manure, 48 Beets, Sugar, Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on, 288 ” ” Manure for, 286 Blood, 32 Bone-dust, 314 ” ” Composition of Compared with Stable Manure, 316 ” ” Fermented with Manure, 316 ” ” Made into Superphosphate, 319 ” ” on Dairy Farms, 315 Bones as Manure, 102 Bran, 26 ” for Manure, 102 ” Richer in Plant-food than Wheat, 301 Brewer, Prof. W. H., Letter from, 341 Cabbage and Barn-yard Manure, Composition of, 292 ” Composition of, 290-292 ” Hog and Cow Manure for, 302 ” Lime for, 292 ” Manure for, 275-290 ” Manure for Early and Late, 291 ” Needs a Large Supply of Nitrogen in the Soil. Though it Removes but Little, 293 ” Potash for, 292 ” Special Manure for, 323 ” Yield of per Acre, 291 Cattle vs. Sheep as Manure-makers, 303 Cheese, from a Ton of Hay, 111 ” Plant-food in, 101 ” versus Beef, 110 Clay Retains Ammonia, 219 Clover and Indian Corn, 275 ” as a Renovating and Exhausting Crop, 277 ” as Manure, 119-122 ” as Manure for Wheat, 158 ” Does it Get Nitrogen from the Atmosphere, 133-138 ” Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on, 135 ” for Wheat, 126 ” Gathers Up Manure from the Sub-soil, 287 ” Hay, Composition of, 129-137 ” Hay, English and German, for Manure, 47 ” How to Make a Farm Rich by Growing, 133-163 ” Letting it Rot on the Surface as Manure, 134 ” Nitrogen as a Manure for, 141 ” Pasturing by Sheep versus Mowing for Hay, 137 ” Plowing Under versus Feeding Out, 123 ” Roots, Amount of per Acre, 143-144-155 ” Roots, Composition of, 145-147 ” Seed, Amount of Roots per Acre, 162 ” Water Evaporated by, 132 ” Why it Enriches Land, 131 Coal-ashes to Mix with Artificial Manures, 312 Composting Cow-manure with Muck, Leaves, etc, 302 Compost of Stable-manure and Earth, 342 Corn, as a Renovating Crop, 275 ” Ashes for, 279 ” Barn-yard Manure for, 284 ” Cost of Raising, 9 ” Crop, Composition of, 25 ” Experiments on, 279 ” Guano for, 279-284 ” Manure for, 275 ” Meal for Manure, 185 ” Superphosphate for, 279-284 ” Fodder, 275 ” ” vs. Mangel-wurzels, 288 ” ” Plaster for, 277 ” ” vs. Wheat, Yield per acre, 276 Cotton-seed Cake, 46-339 Cow-manure, 86-100 ” ” and How to Use it, 302 ” ” Composition of, 306 Cows, Feeding Grain to, 110-113 ” Feeding in Winter for Manure, 256 Crops Best to Apply Manure to, 265 ” How to Get Larger, 28-36 ” Raised and Sold from the Farm, 27 ” Rotation of, 116-168 ” We Must Raise Larger per Acre, 266 ” Why so Poor, 28 Dairy Farms, Bone-dust on, 315 Drainage from Barn-yard, 306 Dry Earth for Pig Pens, 304 Earth-closet Manure, 310 ” ” ” on Grass, 225 Fallow, Fall, 12 ” for Wheat, How to--Mr. Lawes’ Experiments, 35 ” Summer, for Wheat, 15-34 Farm Dairy, Receipts and Expenses of, 109 ” Hon. George Geddes’, 119 ” Hon. Joseph Shull’s, 109 ” John Johnston’s, 76-81-120 ” Mr. Dewey’s, 39 ” Mr. Joseph O. Sheldon’s, 15 ” to Restore a Worn Out, 37 Farming, a Poor Business, 9 ” Difference Between High and Good, 11 ” Faith in Good, 14 ” Good Does Not Lead to Over Production, 14 ” Slow Work, 17 Fermenting Manure to Kill Weed-Seeds, 97 Fish as Manure, 347 Food, Nothing Added to it by the Animal, 42 Gardens, Manure for Private, 296 Geddes, Hon. George, 17-117 Grains, Malt, English and German, 47 Grass a Saving’s Bank, 41 ” Importance of Rich, 113 ” Manure for, 120 Guano as a Top-dressing for Wheat, 270 ” for Barley, 240 ” for Oats, 253 ” for Peas, 17 ” for Potatoes, 255-258 ” on Wheat, 120-180-184 ” Peruvian, Composition of, 311 ” ” for Onions, 294 ” ” Price and Composition of Now and 30 Y’rs Ago, 327 ” ” Rectified for Turnips, 286 ” ” What it is, 311 Gypsum, 104-116-126 ” for Oats, 254 ” for Peas, 17 ” for Potatoes, 255-259 Harison, T. L., Letter from, 115 Hay, Best Manure for, 274 ” Plant-food in, 101 Heacock, Joseph, Letter from, 348 Henderson, Peter, Letter from, 344 Hen Manure, 43-104-301 ” ” for Potatoes, 255 High Farming, 12 ” ” versus Good Farming, 11 Hops, Manure for, 274 Horse-manure, Composition of, 306 Hot-beds, Manure for, 297 Human Excrements, Composition of, 308 Indian Corn. See Corn. Irrigation on Market Gardens, 295 Jessup, Edward, Letter from, 342 Johnson, Prof. S. W., on the Value of Fertilizers, 324 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Barley, 227 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Oats, 252 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Permanent Meadows, 271 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on the Amount of Excrements Voided by Man, 309 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Sugar beets and Mangel-wurzels, 288 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments on Wheat, 170 Lawes’ and Gilbert’s Experiments, Potash Beneficial for Barley, 329 Lawes’ Table, Showing Composition and Value of Foods, 45 Lettuce, Manure for, 289 ” Superphosphate for, 290-293 Lewis, Hon. Harris, Letter from, 103 Liebig’s Special Manures, 321 Lime as Manure, 215 ” Beneficial Effect of for Thirty Years, 216 ” Changes the Chemical and Physical Character of the Soil, 224 ” Composting with Old Sods, 224 ” for Cabbage, 292 ” Hastens the Maturity of the Crop, 222 ” Impoverishes the Soil, 222 ” in Connecticut, 224 ” in Delaware, 223 ” in New Jersey, 223 ” in Pennsylvania, 224 ” Mixed with Barn-yard Manure, 222 ” on Grass Land, 223 ” on Lime-stone Land, 217 ” Quantity per Acre, 216 ” Sets Free Ammonia in the Soil, 221 ” Silicate Absorbs Ammonia from Atmosphere, 219 ” When to Apply, 223 ” Why Beneficial, 220 Liquid Manure, 306 Lowland, Draining, 30 Malt-combs, 46 Mangel-wurzels for Manure, 48 ” ” Manure for, 103-286-288 ” ” Yield per Acre, 11 Manure Absorbing Liquid, 115 ” Amount from Feed and Bedding, 78 ” Amount Made by a Horse, 50-346 ” ” Made by Horses, Cows, Sheep, and Pigs, 51 ” Amount Made on a 250-acre Farm, 257 ” Amount of Rain Required to Dissolve, 267 ” Amount of Straw in Horse, 346 ” and Rotation of Crops, 246 ” Applying Artificial, 312 ” Applying Near the Surface, 267 ” Applying on the Surface, 173 ” as Top-dressing, 269 ” Barn-yard for Barley, 240 ” Barn-yard vs. Artificial for Indian Corn, 284 ” Basin for, 92 ” Best for Hay, 274 ” Bone-dust, 314-316 ” Brings in Red Clover, 82 ” Buying, 306 ” Buying by Measure or Weight, 305 ” Buying by the Load or Ton, 306 ” Cellar, 114 ” Cheapest a Farmer Can Use, 127 ” Clover as, 119-122 ” Clover-seed as, 127 ” Comes from the Land, 42 ” Common Salt as, 200 ” Composition of Fresh Barnyard, 51 ” Composition of from Different Animals, 306 ” Composition of Heap at Different Periods, 57 ” Corn-meal for, 185 ” Cost of Hauling, 342 ” Cost of Loading and Drawing, 77 ” Cow, 87-100 ” Dairy-farm, How to Save and Apply, 114 ” Dr. Vœlcker’s Experiments on, 51 ” Drawing Out to the Field, 89 ” English Plan of Keeping, 69 ” Equivalent to Water, 296 ” Farm-yard for Potatoes, 261 ” Fermenting in Winter, 85-92-93 ” Fermenting, Shrinkage in, 116 ” Fire-fang, 84-98 ” Fish, as, on Long Island, 347 ” Foods which Make Rich, 45 ” for Cabbage, Parsnips, Onions, Carrots, Lettuce, etc, 289 ” for Corn, 80 ” for Grass, 82 ” for Hops, 274 ” for Hot-beds, 297 ” for Indian Corn, 275 ” for Mangel-wurzels and Sugar-beets, 287 ” for Market Gardens, 294 ” for Oats, 252 ” for Potatoes, 255 ” for Seed-growing Farms, 296 ” for Sorghum or Chinese Sugar-cane, 283 ” for Tobacco, 275 ” for Turnips, 285-322 ” for Wheat, 167 ” from Cows, 302 ” from Earth-closet, 310 ” from Oxen, 303 ” from Pigs, Mr. Lawes’ Experiments, 301 ” from Sheep, 303 ” Grain Farms, Management of, 117 ” Guano, Price of Now and Thirty Years Ago, 328 ” Guano, Rectified Peruvian, 319 ” Gypsum and Clover as, 125 ” Heap, Changes in, 67 ” ” Fermenting, 38 ” ” in Winter, 84 ” ” Piling in Field, 88-89-90 ” ” Turning, 88 ” Hen, 43-104-301 ” Horse, 32-86 ” Horse and Farm-yard, 50 ” How and When it Should be Applied, 267 ” How John Johnston Manages it, 76 ” How Made and Used in Maryland, 349 ” How the Deacon Makes it, 74 ” How to Make, 41 ” How to Make More, 256 ” How to Make More and Better on Dairy Farms, 105 ” How to Make Poor, Rich, 274-293 ” How to Make Richer, 257 ” How Much it Shrinks by Fermentation, 342 ” How Much Nitrogen in a Load of, 306 ” in Kansas, 340 ” in Philadelphia, Interesting Facts, 338 ” Keeping Under Cover, 59 ” Lime as, 215 ” Liquid, 306 ” Management of in Canada, 335 ” Mr. Lawes’ Experiments with, 95 ” Loss from Leaching, 99 ” Management of, 94 ” Market Value of, 104 ” Mixed with Lime, 222 ” Natural, 23 ” Night soil as, 308 ” Nitrate of Soda as, 134 ” Not Available, 95 ” on Dairy Farm, 101 ” on Permanent Meadows and Pastures, 271 ” Preserved by the Soil, 177 ” Pigs’, 86 ” Piling, 116 ” Potash as, 329 ” Price of in Boston, 344 ” ” ” Maryland, 339 ” ” ” New Haven, 341 ” ” ” New York, 334 ” ” per Horse in New York, 336 ” Quantity Made on a Farm, 12 ” Quantity of Used on Long Island. Interesting Statistics, 336 ” Reduced by Fermentation, 297 ” Richer in Plant-food than the Food

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PUBLIC-DOMAIN BOOK Talks on Manures A Series of Familiar and Practical Talks Between the Author and the Deacon, the Doctor, and Other Neighbors, on the Whole Subject Harris, Joseph, 1828-1892primary

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